Glocalization challenges and the contemporary architecture: systematic review of common global indicators in Aga Khan Award’s winners
Abstract
Local reports from different international societies have considered the achievement of the successful Glocalized architecture model in line with the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Aga Khan Cultural Foundation’s International Program for Islamic Architecture has also prioritized the understanding of the success drivers in architectural projects. This study aimed to detect the potentials of the common global indicators to access qualitative design assessment through analyzing the Aga Khan Award’s reports. The selected methodology in the present study is a quantitative approach using the systematic content analysis and coding techniques for qualitative data obtained from the technical. The physical, non-physical, modern, and traditional factors that have contributed to the success of the works as well as their combinations were extracted and analyzed using Sensible and Abstract international, national, and local indications. There is a relative superiority for Sensible indications (A combination of modern and physical factors). The hybrid data distribution provides the ground to assess the works, and this can be used to manage the globalization challenges in the contemporary architecture of Muslim societies.
Keyword : glocalization, global architectural indicators, Aga Khan Award, systematic evaluation, contemporary architecture
How to Cite
Salkhi Khasraghi, S., & Mehan, A. (2023). Glocalization challenges and the contemporary architecture: systematic review of common global indicators in Aga Khan Award’s winners. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 47(2), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2023.17176
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Adam, R. (2013). The globalization of modern architecture: The impact of politics, economics and social change on architecture and urban design since 1990. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Aga Khan Development Network. (2019). www.akdn.org
Asefi, M., & Imani, A. (2016). Redefined the design patterns of desirable Iranian-Islamic contemporary housing with the quality assessment of traditional homes. Quarterly Journal of Islamic Architectural Studies, 4(11), 56–75. (in Persian)
Baghmirani, M., Ismaili Givi, M., Hassanzadeh, M., & Norouzi, A. S. (2017). Development of a conceptual model of problem-solving research using the directional content analysis method. Human and Information Interaction, 4(3), 34–47. (in Persian)
Barrese, L., & Pareja-Eastaway, M. (2020). Glocalisation dynamics: The appropriation of the ‘creative turn’ discourse in Buenos Aires, Argentina (2007–2015). City, Culture and Society, 21, 100343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2020.100343
Baybordi, A., & Karimian, A. S. (2014). Globalization of culture and its influence on Iran’s national identity. Journal of International Relations Research, 7(28), 77–101. (in Persian)
Bazazzadeh, H., Safaei, S. S. H., & Mehan, A. (2022). Heritage impact assessment method in the production of cultural heritage. Iranian Cases. In Living (world) heritage cities: Opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives of people-centered approaches in dynamic historic urban landscapes (pp. 171–182). Sidestone Press.
Bazazzadeh, H., Nadolny, A., Mehan, A., & Safaei, S. S. H. (2021). The importance of flexibility in adaptive reuse of industrial heritage: Learning from Iranian cases. International Journal of Conservation Science, 12(1), 113–128.
Beckman, G. (2016, April 7). Global architecture and urbanism. https://www.di-mediagroup.com/2022-quarterly/q3/global-architecture-and-urbanism/
Ben-Hamouche, M. (2010). Islamization of contemporary architecture: Shifting the paradigm of Islamic architecture. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 1(2), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v1i2.1720
Bierman, I. A., Al-Asad, M., & Türeli, A. (2013, December 5). Architecture. In The Oxford encyclopedia of the Islamic world. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0074
Boodaghi, O., Fanni, Z., & Mehan, A. (2022). Regulation and policy-making for urban cultural heritage preservation: A comparison between Iran and Italy. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-08-2021-0138
Bozdogan, S. (2013). The Aga Khan award for architecture: A philosophy of reconciliation. Journal of Architectural Education, 45(3), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10464883.1992.10734507
Bulandian, M., & Nasseri, S. (2014). An analytic discourse on the assessment of urban context urbanization approaches and procedures in the age of globalization. Urban Management, (37), 326–299. (in Persian)
Elahe Zoghi Hoseini, E., & Diba, D. (2018). New trends in critical regionalism through the lens of Tzonis and Lefaivre. Creative City Design, 1(2), 1–6.
Eurostat. (2018). Guide to Eurostat culture statistics. European Union.
Fahmy, Y. Y., Nassar, D. M., & Elsayad, Z. T. (2020). Identifying the evolution of cities’ architectural characters in connection to global events over time. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 249, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC200111
Faleh, M. (2013). Urban metamorphosis and Islamic Architecture in the time of globalization: Utopian realities and challenges. A|Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 10(1), 128–137.
Fischer, O. (2011). Slow architecture? - The myth of local resistance to globalization in architecture: A critique. In I. Sabouni & J. Vanegas (Ed.), ACSA fall meeting, local identities global challenges (pp. 141–146). https://www.acsa-arch.org/proceedings/Fall%20Conference%20Proceedings/ACSA.FALL.11/ACSA.FALL.11.20.pdf
Guzman, P. (2017). World heritage cities and sustainable urban development. Dereumaux.
Gyglia, S., Haelgb, F., & Sturm, J. E. (2018). The KOF Globalisation Index – Revisited. KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3338784
Harputlugil, T., Gültekin, A. T., Prins, M., & Topçu, Y. İ. (2014). Architectural design quality assessment based on analytic hierarchy process: A case study. Metu Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 2(31), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.4305/METU.JFA.2014.2.8
Hassanpour, N., & Soltanzadeh, H. (2016). Tradition and modernity in contemporary architecture of Turkey (Comparative study referring to traditional and international architecture in 1940-1980). The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication - TOJDAC, 1167–1183. https://doi.org/10.7456/1060AGSE/002
Hosseini, A. (2011). Explaining and developing the conceptual trends of Iran after the Islamic revolution (Architectural study of 1360-85). Hoviyat-e- Shahr, 5(8), 26–17. (in Persian)
Iman, M., & Noshadi, M. (2011). Qualitative content analysis. Journal of Research, 3(2), 15–44. (in Persian)
Lupu, I. (2013). A foray into the tangle of globalization measurement. Studii Financiare (Financial Studies), 17(2), 8–20.
Mahdavi Nejad, M., & Mansouri Majoumard, P. (2015). The introduction of modernizing currents into contemporary Iranian architecture. Studies of Islamic Iran, 6(21), 29–19. (in Persian)
Manan Raisey, M. (2016). Evaluation and critique of research approach in architecture and urbanism from the Islamic perspective. Quarterly Journal of Islamic Architectural Studies, 4(11), 3–20. (in Persian)
Mehan, A. (2023a). Re-narrating radical cities over time and through space: Imagining urban activism through critical pedagogical practices. Architecture, 3(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture3010006
Mehan, A. (2023b). Gio Ponti and Villa Namazee: (De)listed modern heritage. Heritage, 6(2), 789–801. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020043
Mehan, A., & Mostafavi, S. (2022). Building resilient communities over time. In The Palgrave encyclopedia of urban and regional futures. Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_322-1
Mehan, A. (2022). Tehran: From sacred to radical. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003140795
Mehan, A., & Mehan, M. (2020). Housing as politics: The case of Tehran. In Spaces for living, spaces for sharing (pp. 56–65). LetteraVentidue.
Mehan, A., & Rossi, U. (2019). Multiplying resistance: The power of the urban in the age of national revanchism. In Philosophy and the city interdisciplinary and transcultural perspectives (pp. 233–244). Rowman & Littlefield International.
Mehan, A. (2017). “Tabula Rasa” planning: Creative destruction and building a new urban identity in Tehran. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 41(3), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2017.1355277
Mehan, A. (2016). Blank Slate: Squares and political order of city. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 40(4), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2016.1246987
Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. (2015). Strategic document of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance (Sixth Development Plan). (in Persian)
Miri Nejad, S. (2013). Romanticism in contemporary Iranian architecture (with emphasis on the architecture of the second Pahlavi period after 1962). Journal of Fine Arts - Architecture and Urbanism, 18(1), 102–191. (in Persian)
Mostafavi, M. (Ed.). (2013). Architecture is life. Lars Müller Publishers.
Nezhad Haj Ali Irani, F., & Noruzi, M. (2011). Globalization and challenges; What are globalization’s contemporary issues? International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(6), 216–218.
Orbea, S. (2019). Modernisation and globalization challenges and opportunities in architecture, urbanism, cultural heritage [Paper presentation]. 3rd International Forum for Architecture and Urbanism, Tirana, Albania. FLASH Publishing.
Rabbat, N. (2012). What is Islamic architecture anyway? Journal of Art Historiography, 6(1), 1–15.
Rajendran, L., Molki, F., Mahdizadeh, S., & Mehan, A. (2021). (Re)framing spatiality as a socio-cultural paradigm: examining the Iranian housing culture and processes. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 45(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2021.14032
Rajali, A. R. B., & Bakri, A. b. (2018, July 15). Building Safety Index: Contributing factor. https://civil.utm.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Building-Safety-Index-Contributing-Factor.pdf
Razzaghi Asl, S. (2014). Borderline issues in the approach to environmental design in Iran from the viewpoint of professors. Armanshar Architecture and Urbanism, (13), 211–219. (in Persian)
Shayan, H., & Memar Dezfuli, S. (2014). A comparative study of Iranian contemporary architecture approaches; The recognition of theory in the works of three generations of architects. Naghsh -e- Jahan, 4(2), 1–10. (in Persian)
Stott, R. (2018, July 15). RIBA report aims to put architecture at the heart of next government’s agenda. https://www.archdaily.com/522959/riba-report-aims-to-put-architecture-at-the-heart-of-next-government-s-agenda
Uddin Khan, H. (2014). A new paradigm: Glocal urbanism and architecture of rapidly developing countries. International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 3(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia.3.1.5_2
Uddin Khan, H. (2018). Because we can: Globalization and technology enabling iconic architectural excesses. International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 7(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia.7.1.5_2
UNESCO. (2014a). UNESCO culture for development indicators: Methodology manual. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000229608
UNESCO. (2014b). UNESCO culture for development indicators (Swaziland’s analytical brief). UNESCO.
UNESCO. (2016). The globalisation of cultural trade: International flows of cultural goods and services 2004-2013. UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Wu, X. (2019). Challenges to the professional practice of architects in China under the trend of globalization. Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(2), 2424–9041. https://doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v4i2.612
Yavuz, K. B., & Savran, S. (2020). Glocalization and tourism relation: Bauhaus architecture in Tel Aviv example. Kentleşme ve Ekonomi Özel Sayısı, Cilt, 11, 1205–1222.
Zamani, F., & Mehan, A. (2019). The abstract space and the alienation of political public space in the Middle East. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 13(3), 483–497. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-03-2019-0054
Zhang, Y. (2021). “Glocalization” through international practice in landscape architecture. In Place making in international practice of landscape architecture (Vol. 64, pp. 187–222). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2442-1_9
Aga Khan Development Network. (2019). www.akdn.org
Asefi, M., & Imani, A. (2016). Redefined the design patterns of desirable Iranian-Islamic contemporary housing with the quality assessment of traditional homes. Quarterly Journal of Islamic Architectural Studies, 4(11), 56–75. (in Persian)
Baghmirani, M., Ismaili Givi, M., Hassanzadeh, M., & Norouzi, A. S. (2017). Development of a conceptual model of problem-solving research using the directional content analysis method. Human and Information Interaction, 4(3), 34–47. (in Persian)
Barrese, L., & Pareja-Eastaway, M. (2020). Glocalisation dynamics: The appropriation of the ‘creative turn’ discourse in Buenos Aires, Argentina (2007–2015). City, Culture and Society, 21, 100343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2020.100343
Baybordi, A., & Karimian, A. S. (2014). Globalization of culture and its influence on Iran’s national identity. Journal of International Relations Research, 7(28), 77–101. (in Persian)
Bazazzadeh, H., Safaei, S. S. H., & Mehan, A. (2022). Heritage impact assessment method in the production of cultural heritage. Iranian Cases. In Living (world) heritage cities: Opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives of people-centered approaches in dynamic historic urban landscapes (pp. 171–182). Sidestone Press.
Bazazzadeh, H., Nadolny, A., Mehan, A., & Safaei, S. S. H. (2021). The importance of flexibility in adaptive reuse of industrial heritage: Learning from Iranian cases. International Journal of Conservation Science, 12(1), 113–128.
Beckman, G. (2016, April 7). Global architecture and urbanism. https://www.di-mediagroup.com/2022-quarterly/q3/global-architecture-and-urbanism/
Ben-Hamouche, M. (2010). Islamization of contemporary architecture: Shifting the paradigm of Islamic architecture. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 1(2), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v1i2.1720
Bierman, I. A., Al-Asad, M., & Türeli, A. (2013, December 5). Architecture. In The Oxford encyclopedia of the Islamic world. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0074
Boodaghi, O., Fanni, Z., & Mehan, A. (2022). Regulation and policy-making for urban cultural heritage preservation: A comparison between Iran and Italy. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-08-2021-0138
Bozdogan, S. (2013). The Aga Khan award for architecture: A philosophy of reconciliation. Journal of Architectural Education, 45(3), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10464883.1992.10734507
Bulandian, M., & Nasseri, S. (2014). An analytic discourse on the assessment of urban context urbanization approaches and procedures in the age of globalization. Urban Management, (37), 326–299. (in Persian)
Elahe Zoghi Hoseini, E., & Diba, D. (2018). New trends in critical regionalism through the lens of Tzonis and Lefaivre. Creative City Design, 1(2), 1–6.
Eurostat. (2018). Guide to Eurostat culture statistics. European Union.
Fahmy, Y. Y., Nassar, D. M., & Elsayad, Z. T. (2020). Identifying the evolution of cities’ architectural characters in connection to global events over time. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 249, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC200111
Faleh, M. (2013). Urban metamorphosis and Islamic Architecture in the time of globalization: Utopian realities and challenges. A|Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 10(1), 128–137.
Fischer, O. (2011). Slow architecture? - The myth of local resistance to globalization in architecture: A critique. In I. Sabouni & J. Vanegas (Ed.), ACSA fall meeting, local identities global challenges (pp. 141–146). https://www.acsa-arch.org/proceedings/Fall%20Conference%20Proceedings/ACSA.FALL.11/ACSA.FALL.11.20.pdf
Guzman, P. (2017). World heritage cities and sustainable urban development. Dereumaux.
Gyglia, S., Haelgb, F., & Sturm, J. E. (2018). The KOF Globalisation Index – Revisited. KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3338784
Harputlugil, T., Gültekin, A. T., Prins, M., & Topçu, Y. İ. (2014). Architectural design quality assessment based on analytic hierarchy process: A case study. Metu Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 2(31), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.4305/METU.JFA.2014.2.8
Hassanpour, N., & Soltanzadeh, H. (2016). Tradition and modernity in contemporary architecture of Turkey (Comparative study referring to traditional and international architecture in 1940-1980). The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication - TOJDAC, 1167–1183. https://doi.org/10.7456/1060AGSE/002
Hosseini, A. (2011). Explaining and developing the conceptual trends of Iran after the Islamic revolution (Architectural study of 1360-85). Hoviyat-e- Shahr, 5(8), 26–17. (in Persian)
Iman, M., & Noshadi, M. (2011). Qualitative content analysis. Journal of Research, 3(2), 15–44. (in Persian)
Lupu, I. (2013). A foray into the tangle of globalization measurement. Studii Financiare (Financial Studies), 17(2), 8–20.
Mahdavi Nejad, M., & Mansouri Majoumard, P. (2015). The introduction of modernizing currents into contemporary Iranian architecture. Studies of Islamic Iran, 6(21), 29–19. (in Persian)
Manan Raisey, M. (2016). Evaluation and critique of research approach in architecture and urbanism from the Islamic perspective. Quarterly Journal of Islamic Architectural Studies, 4(11), 3–20. (in Persian)
Mehan, A. (2023a). Re-narrating radical cities over time and through space: Imagining urban activism through critical pedagogical practices. Architecture, 3(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture3010006
Mehan, A. (2023b). Gio Ponti and Villa Namazee: (De)listed modern heritage. Heritage, 6(2), 789–801. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020043
Mehan, A., & Mostafavi, S. (2022). Building resilient communities over time. In The Palgrave encyclopedia of urban and regional futures. Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_322-1
Mehan, A. (2022). Tehran: From sacred to radical. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003140795
Mehan, A., & Mehan, M. (2020). Housing as politics: The case of Tehran. In Spaces for living, spaces for sharing (pp. 56–65). LetteraVentidue.
Mehan, A., & Rossi, U. (2019). Multiplying resistance: The power of the urban in the age of national revanchism. In Philosophy and the city interdisciplinary and transcultural perspectives (pp. 233–244). Rowman & Littlefield International.
Mehan, A. (2017). “Tabula Rasa” planning: Creative destruction and building a new urban identity in Tehran. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 41(3), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2017.1355277
Mehan, A. (2016). Blank Slate: Squares and political order of city. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 40(4), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2016.1246987
Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. (2015). Strategic document of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance (Sixth Development Plan). (in Persian)
Miri Nejad, S. (2013). Romanticism in contemporary Iranian architecture (with emphasis on the architecture of the second Pahlavi period after 1962). Journal of Fine Arts - Architecture and Urbanism, 18(1), 102–191. (in Persian)
Mostafavi, M. (Ed.). (2013). Architecture is life. Lars Müller Publishers.
Nezhad Haj Ali Irani, F., & Noruzi, M. (2011). Globalization and challenges; What are globalization’s contemporary issues? International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(6), 216–218.
Orbea, S. (2019). Modernisation and globalization challenges and opportunities in architecture, urbanism, cultural heritage [Paper presentation]. 3rd International Forum for Architecture and Urbanism, Tirana, Albania. FLASH Publishing.
Rabbat, N. (2012). What is Islamic architecture anyway? Journal of Art Historiography, 6(1), 1–15.
Rajendran, L., Molki, F., Mahdizadeh, S., & Mehan, A. (2021). (Re)framing spatiality as a socio-cultural paradigm: examining the Iranian housing culture and processes. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 45(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2021.14032
Rajali, A. R. B., & Bakri, A. b. (2018, July 15). Building Safety Index: Contributing factor. https://civil.utm.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Building-Safety-Index-Contributing-Factor.pdf
Razzaghi Asl, S. (2014). Borderline issues in the approach to environmental design in Iran from the viewpoint of professors. Armanshar Architecture and Urbanism, (13), 211–219. (in Persian)
Shayan, H., & Memar Dezfuli, S. (2014). A comparative study of Iranian contemporary architecture approaches; The recognition of theory in the works of three generations of architects. Naghsh -e- Jahan, 4(2), 1–10. (in Persian)
Stott, R. (2018, July 15). RIBA report aims to put architecture at the heart of next government’s agenda. https://www.archdaily.com/522959/riba-report-aims-to-put-architecture-at-the-heart-of-next-government-s-agenda
Uddin Khan, H. (2014). A new paradigm: Glocal urbanism and architecture of rapidly developing countries. International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 3(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia.3.1.5_2
Uddin Khan, H. (2018). Because we can: Globalization and technology enabling iconic architectural excesses. International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 7(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia.7.1.5_2
UNESCO. (2014a). UNESCO culture for development indicators: Methodology manual. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000229608
UNESCO. (2014b). UNESCO culture for development indicators (Swaziland’s analytical brief). UNESCO.
UNESCO. (2016). The globalisation of cultural trade: International flows of cultural goods and services 2004-2013. UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Wu, X. (2019). Challenges to the professional practice of architects in China under the trend of globalization. Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(2), 2424–9041. https://doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v4i2.612
Yavuz, K. B., & Savran, S. (2020). Glocalization and tourism relation: Bauhaus architecture in Tel Aviv example. Kentleşme ve Ekonomi Özel Sayısı, Cilt, 11, 1205–1222.
Zamani, F., & Mehan, A. (2019). The abstract space and the alienation of political public space in the Middle East. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 13(3), 483–497. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-03-2019-0054
Zhang, Y. (2021). “Glocalization” through international practice in landscape architecture. In Place making in international practice of landscape architecture (Vol. 64, pp. 187–222). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2442-1_9