Statistical analysis of the effects of disruptive factors of driving in simulated environment
Abstract
Distracting activities (such as using mobile phones, writing text messages) become increasingly common with the widespread use of telecommunication devices, becoming an increasing problem of road safety. Our research aimed to show the effects of these disruptive factors on driving. To quantify the effects, simulator tests have been performed. To analyse the significance of the changes caused by the disruptive factors, mathematical-statistical methods have been applied and conclusions for all drivers have been drawn. The effects of the disruptive factors have been quantified. On the one hand, the cognitive distraction and the hindrance of movements affects negatively the road safety, and on the other hand results in negative environmental and economic effects. Based on the numerical results of the research, hitting speeds caused by the disruptive factors have been determined as an example. The results of the research can be used as input data for the quantification of economic and environmental effects of road safety caused by disruptive factors and for the establishment of the background of legislation related to the prohibition of these factors.
Keyword : disruptive factors, distraction, simulated environment, statistical analysis, road safety
How to Cite
Pauer, G., Sipos, T., & Török, Árpád. (2019). Statistical analysis of the effects of disruptive factors of driving in simulated environment. Transport, 34(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.6724
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Regan, M. A.; Lee, J. D.; Young, K. L. 2008. Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects, and Mitigation. CRC Press. 672 p.
Rosén, E.; Sander, U. 2009. Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed, Accident Analysis & Prevention 41(3): 536–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.02.002
Rumschlag, G.; Palumbo, T.; Martin, A.; Head, D.; George, R.; Commissaris, R. L. 2015. The effects of texting on driving performance in a driving simulator: the influence of driver age, Accident Analysis & Prevention 74: 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.10.009
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Strayer, D. L.; Drews, F. A.; Johnston, W. A. 2003. Cell phone-induced failures of visual attention during simulated driving, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 9(1): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.9.1.23
Šucha, M. 2017. How-to-influence-behaviour model and speed choice, International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering 7(2): 192–202. https://doi.org/10.7708/ijtte.2017.7(2).04
Szántó, Á.; Kibédi-Varga, L. 2017. Közlekedésbiztonsági attitűdfelmérés a fesztiválozók körében, Közlekedésbiztonság 2017(2): 16–24. (in Hungarian).
Török, Á. 2017. Comparative analysis between the theories of road transport safety and emission, Transport 32(2): 192–197. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1062798
Treat, J. R. 1980. A study of precrash factors involved in traffic accidents, HSRI Research Review 10(6): 1–35.
Young, K.; Regan, M. 2007. Driver distraction: a review of the literature, in I. J. Faulks, M. Regan, M. Stevenson, J. Brown, A. Porter, J. D. Irwin (Eds.). Distracted Driving, 379–398.
Zefreh, M. M.; Török, Á.; Mészáros, F. 2017. Average vehicles length in two-lane urban roads: a case study in Budapest, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 45(4): 218–222. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.10744
Anderson, R. W. G.; McLean, A. J.; Farmer, M. J. B.; Lee, B. H.; Brooks, C. G. 1997. Vehicle travel speeds and the incidence of fatal pedestrian crashes, Accident Analysis & Prevention 29(5): 667–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(97)00036-5
Ashton, S. J. 1980. A preliminary assessment of the potential for pedestrian injury reduction through vehicle design. SAE Technical Paper 801315. https://doi.org/10.4271/801315
Bartl, G.; Hager, B. 2006. Car Accident Cause Analysis. A Research Project in Cooperation with the Federal Institute for Traffic. Alles-Fuehrerschein.at GmbH, Vienna, Austria. 47 p. Available from Internet: http://traffic-psychology-international.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Bericht-Unfallanalyse-2006-english.pdf
Beanland, V.; Fitzharris, M.; Young, K. L.; Lenné, M. G. 2013. Driver inattention and driver distraction in serious casualty crashes: data from the Australian national crash in-depth study, Accident Analysis & Prevention 54: 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.043
Beede, K. E.; Kass, J. S. 2006. Engrossed in conversation: the impact of cell phones on simulated driving performance, Accident Analysis & Prevention 38(2): 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.10.015
Caird, J. K.; Johnston, K. A.; Willness, C. R.; Asbridge, M.; Steel, P. 2014. A meta-analysis of the effects of texting on driving, Accident Analysis & Prevention 71: 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.06.005
Caird, J. K.; Willness, C. R.; Steel, P.; Scialfa, C. 2008. A metaanalysis of the effects of cell phones on driver performance, Accident Analysis & Prevention 40(4): 1282–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.01.009
Cooper, P.J.; Zheng, Y. 2002. Turning gap acceptance decision-making: the impact of driver distraction, Journal of Safety Research 33(3): 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4375(02)00029-4
Drews, F. A.; Yazdani, H.; Godfrey, C. N.; Cooper, J. M.; Strayer, D. L. 2009. Text messaging during simulated driving, Human Factors: the Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 51(5): 762–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720809353319
Fitch, G. A.; Soccolich, S. A.; Guo, F.; McClafferty, J.; Fang, Y.; Olson, R. L.; Perez, M. A.; Hanowski, R. J.; Hankey, J. M.; Dingus, T. A. 2013. The Impact of Hand-Held And Hands-Free Cell Phone Use on Driving Performance and Safety-Critical Event Risk. Final Report No DOT HS 811757. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC, US. 273 p.
Helland, A.; Lydersen, S.; Lervåg, L.-E.; Jenssen, G. D.; Mørland, J.; Slørdal, L. 2016. Driving simulator sickness: impact on driving performance, influence of blood alcohol concentration, and effect of repeated simulator exposures, Accident Analysis & Prevention 94: 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.008
Hermitte, T.; Reed, S.; Filtness, A. J.; Talbot, R.; Thomson, R.; Jansch, M.; Johannsen, H.; Niewohner, W.; Ancona, L.; Martin, O.; Vazquez-de-Prada, J.; Papadimitriou, E.; Phan, V.; Saade, J.; Cuny, S.; Lesire, P.; Leopold, F.; Labrousse, M. 2016. Identification of Vehicle Related Risk Factors, Deliverable 6.1 of the H2020 Project SafetyCube. Loughborough University, UK. 137 p. Available from Internet: https://www.safetycube-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/SafetyCube-D6.1-Identification-of-vehicle-related-risk-factors.pdf
Hosking, S. G.; Young, K. L.; Regan, M. A. 2009. The effects of text messaging on young drivers, Human Factors: the Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 51(4): 582–592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720809341575
McKnight, A. J.; McKnight, A. S. 1993. The effect of cellular phone use upon driver attention, Accident Analysis & Prevention 25(3): 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(93)90020-W
Moreno, E. G.; Romana, M. G. 2015. Analysis of complex dataset obtained from simulator to examine the effects of wireless telephone use on driving performance, Procedia Computer Science 52: 944–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.170
Neale, V. L.; Dingus, T. A.; Klauer, S. G.; Sudweeks, J. D.; Goodman, M. J. 2005. An overview of the 100-car naturalistic study and findings, in 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), 6–9 June 2005, Washington, DC, US, 1–10.
Palumbo, T. J.; Head, D.; Swift, A.; Rumschlag, G.; Ing, J.; Ngo, C.; Sur Ducan, M.; Lahoud, E.; Johnson, B.; Mackie, B.; Commissaris, R. L. 2015. The effects of texting and DUI simulation on driving performance in a driving simulator, Journal of Ergonomics S3: 013. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7556.S3-013
Pasanen, E. 1992. Driving Speeds and Pedestrian Safety: a Mathematical Model. Helsinki University of Technology, Finland. 41 p.
Prat, F.; Planes, M.; Gras, M. E.; Sullman, M. J. M. 2015. An observational study of driving distractions on urban roads in Spain, Accident Analysis & Prevention 74: 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.10.003
Regan, M. A.; Lee, J. D.; Young, K. L. 2008. Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects, and Mitigation. CRC Press. 672 p.
Rosén, E.; Sander, U. 2009. Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed, Accident Analysis & Prevention 41(3): 536–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.02.002
Rumschlag, G.; Palumbo, T.; Martin, A.; Head, D.; George, R.; Commissaris, R. L. 2015. The effects of texting on driving performance in a driving simulator: the influence of driver age, Accident Analysis & Prevention 74: 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.10.009
Russo, B. J.; Kay, J. J.; Savolainen, P. T.; Gates, T. J. 2014. Assessing characteristics related to the use of seatbelts and cell phones by drivers: application of a bivariate probit model, Journal of Safety Research 49: 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2014.03.001
Staubach, M. 2009. Factors correlated with traffic accidents as a basis for evaluating advanced driver assistance systems, Accident Analysis & Prevention 41(5): 1025–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.06.014
Stavrinos, D.; Jones, J. L.; Garner, A. A.; Griffin, R.; Franklin, C. A.; Ball, D.; Welburn, S. C.; Ball, K. K.; Sisiopiku, V. P.; Fine, P. R. 2013. Impact of distracted driving on safety and traffic flow, Accident Analysis & Prevention 61: 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.003
Strayer, D. L.; Drews, F. A.; Crouch, J. D. 2006. A Comparison of the Cell Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver, Human Factors: the Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48(2): 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872006777724471
Strayer, D. L.; Drews, F. A.; Johnston, W. A. 2003. Cell phone-induced failures of visual attention during simulated driving, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 9(1): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.9.1.23
Šucha, M. 2017. How-to-influence-behaviour model and speed choice, International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering 7(2): 192–202. https://doi.org/10.7708/ijtte.2017.7(2).04
Szántó, Á.; Kibédi-Varga, L. 2017. Közlekedésbiztonsági attitűdfelmérés a fesztiválozók körében, Közlekedésbiztonság 2017(2): 16–24. (in Hungarian).
Török, Á. 2017. Comparative analysis between the theories of road transport safety and emission, Transport 32(2): 192–197. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1062798
Treat, J. R. 1980. A study of precrash factors involved in traffic accidents, HSRI Research Review 10(6): 1–35.
Young, K.; Regan, M. 2007. Driver distraction: a review of the literature, in I. J. Faulks, M. Regan, M. Stevenson, J. Brown, A. Porter, J. D. Irwin (Eds.). Distracted Driving, 379–398.
Zefreh, M. M.; Török, Á.; Mészáros, F. 2017. Average vehicles length in two-lane urban roads: a case study in Budapest, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 45(4): 218–222. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.10744