Share:


An overview on open science in the European rail sector

Abstract

Despite the increasing relevance of Open Science (OS) in the European research landscape, very few publications have addressed the analysis of its role within the European rail context. To this effect, the present paper aims at contributing to shed light on the topic by setting the cornerstone for a differentiated analysis of OS in this sector. In order to do so, the analysis is divided into 2 main sections. The 1st provides an overview of initiatives and experiences regarding OS, which have been recently carried out in the sector. The analysis of initiatives and scientific publications has shown that Open Data (OD) is the area attracting more attention and with more potential for expansion mainly due to the commercial interest of the data. As expected, the use of Open Tools (OT) is common but, interestingly, a growing interest in the development of OT in the sector has been detected. The creation of Open Standards (OSt), developed by specific rail stakeholders’ groups or by coalitions of different stakeholders is increasing in the last years. Amongst the OS areas analysed, Open Access (OA) and Citizen Science (CS) have shown less progress. However, tendencies toward an increasing interest in these areas within the sector has been also detected. The 2nd section aims to uncover the issues or barriers preventing a wider spread of OS specifically in the rail sector and suggest regulatory avenues and actions to overcome them. The identified issues revolve around 3 topics: the lack of initiative on behalf of the European Union (EU) to a) engage other stakeholders beyond the field of research, and b) leverage untapped OS potential in sector-specific situations, which could contribute to its development; and finally, the absence of a sector-specific OS framework. The establishment of such a framework could have a significant positive impact in OD, which is the most appealing area and thus contributing to the uptake of OS as a whole in the sector. In view of such issues, the present paper suggests the establishment of: (1) a European Rail Open Science Policy Platform in order to create a forum-like space in which to align the stakeholder’s positions, and (2) a Joint Rail Data Action Plan to design an OS governance framework, with the aim to ensure the usability, quality, and reliability of data. After identifying the state of OS in the rail sector and the uncovering of several issues that are hindering its development, this paper concludes that the constant further monitoring with regards to needs, challenges and interests (or lack of such) of the different rail stakeholders is key to ensure the continuous development of OS.

Keyword : open science, railways, open access, open data, citizen science, open standards, open tools, semi-systematic review

How to Cite
Sánchez Martín, C., Calonge Cases, D., & Milenković, M. (2023). An overview on open science in the European rail sector. Transport, 38(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2023.18291
Published in Issue
Jul 4, 2023
Abstract Views
546
PDF Downloads
462
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Adesiyun, A.; Tromaras, A.; Almeras, C.; Antunes, A.; De Lurdes Antunes, M.; Barateiro, J.; Erdelean, I.; Jasiūnienė, V.; Manola, N.; Mavropoulou, E.; Milenkovic, M.; Fleten Nielsen, A.; Olsen, S.; Paliukaitė, M.; Pereira, A.; Prändl-Zika, V.; Ratkevičiūtė, K. 2019. D2.2 – Open/FAIR Data, Software and Infrastructure in European Transport Research. Project “European forum and oBsErvatory for OPEN science in transport” (BE OPEN). Project No 824323. 58 p. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899774

Albert, R.; Hundt, R. 2020. Digitalisierung als Schlüssel für die Zukunft der Bahn – Wer orchestriert die Leit- und Sicherungstechnik in Deutschland und Europa?, EI – Der Eisenbahningenieur (04): 28–31. (in German). Available from Internet: https://eurailpress-archiv.de/SingleView.aspx?show=1555476

Allen, C.; Mehler, D. M. A. 2019. Open science challenges, benefits and tips in early career and beyond, PLOS Biology 17(12): e3000587. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000246

Almagro, F.; Marano, A. 2016. An open source software for railway electrical supply system simulation, in 2016 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), 2–4 November 2016, Toulouse, France, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ESARS-ITEC.2016.7841397

Amann, J.; Borrmann, A. 2016. Embedding procedural knowledge into building information models: the IFC procedural language and its application for flexible transition curve representation, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 30(5): C4016006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000592

Anagnostopoulou, A.; Boile, M. 2018. Challenges and opportunities of open science in transport research, in The 6th Virtual Multidisciplinary Conference (QUAESTI 2018), 10–15 December 2018. 121–125.

Baumeister, R. F.; Leary, M. R. 1997. Writing narrative literature reviews, Review of General Psychology 1(3): 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.3.311

Böhm, M.; Franklin, J. R.; Jones, S.; Kovacikova, T.; Nowicka, K.; Yannis, G. 2018. Analysis of the State of the Art, Barriers, Needs and Opportunities for Setting up a Transport Research Cloud. Expert Group Final Report. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. 94 p. https://doi.org/10.2777/77906

Brovelli, M. A.; Giori, G.; Mussin, M.; Negretti, M. 2010. Web geoservices for monitoring the environmental impact of large structures, in WebMGS 2010: 1st International Workshop on Pervasive Web Mapping, Geoprocessing and Services 2010, 26–27 August 2010, Como, Italy, 1–6. Available from Internet: https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVIII/4-W13/ID_47.pdf

Burroughs, D. 2020. European ticketing associations to merge, combining standards, International Railway Journal, 29 January 2020. Available from Internet: https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/european-ticketing-associations-to-merge-combining-standards/

Buyle, R.; Van de Vyvere, B.; Rojas Meléndez, J.; Van Lancker, D.; Vlassenroot, E.; Van Compernolle, M.; Lefever, S.; Colpaert, P.; Mechant, P.; Mannens, E. 2021. A sustainable method for publishing interoperable open data on the web, Data 6(8): 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/data6080093

Cambridge Dictionary. 2023. Hackathon. Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press & Assessment, UK. Available from Internet: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hackathon

Ceraolo, M.; Lutzemberger, G.; Meli, E.; Pugi, L.; Rindi, A.; Pancari, G. 2018. Energy storage systems to exploit regenerative braking in DC railway systems: Different approaches to improve efficiency of modern high-speed trains, Journal of Energy Storage 16: 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.01.017

Chiang, I.-C. A.; Jhangiani, R.; Price, P. C. 2015. Research Methods in Psychology. 353 p. BCcampus, Victoria, BC, Canada. Available from Internet: https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods

Contreras, C.; López-Campos, M.; Escalona, P.; Stegmaier, R.; Grubessich, T. 2018. Machine learning modeling for massive industrial data: railroad peak kips prediction, in S. Haugen, A. Barros, C. Gulijk, T. Kongsvik, J. E. Vinnem (Eds.). Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World, 1139–1142. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351174664-144

Costa, C.; Silva, V.; Bazzurro, P. 2018. Assessing the impact of earthquake scenarios in transportation networks: the Portuguese mining factory case study, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16(3): 1137–1163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0243-2

Cowan, M.; Lieberman, J.; Cimbalista, J.; Schlake, B. 2018. Electronic freight car inspection recording and application of internet-of-things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) frameworks, in 2018 Joint Rail Conference (JRC2018), 18–20 April 2018, Pittsburgh, PA, US, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2018-6192

David, P. A. 2008. The historical origins of ‘Open Science’: an essay on patronage, reputation and common agency contracting in the scientific revolution, Capitalism and Society 3(2): 5. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0213.1040

De Vos, J.; El-Geneidy, A. 2022. What is a good transport review paper?, Transport Reviews 42(1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.2001996

Delva, H.; Rojas, J. A.; Colpaert, P.; Verborgh, R. 2021. Geospatially partitioning public transit networks for open data publishing, Journal of Web Engineering 20(4): 1003–1026. https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2045

DOAJ. 2020. About DOAJ. Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Available from Internet: https://doaj.org/about

EC. 2016. Open Innovation, Open Science, Open to the World – a Vision for Europe. European Commission (EC), Brussels, Belgium. 108 p. https://doi.org/10.2777/061652

EC. 2019. Open Science. European Commission (EC), Brussels, Belgium. 3 p. Available from Internet: https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2019-12/ec_rtd_factsheet-open-science_2019.pdf

EC. 2021. Open Science. European Commission (EC), Brussels, Belgium. Available from Internet: https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/strategy/strategy-2020-2024/our-digital-future/open-science_en

EC. 2020. The New Open Research Europe (ORE) platform has opened its wings. European Commission (EC), Brussels, Belgium. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/eismea/items/699320/

Elsevier. 2021. Journal Embargo Finder 2021. Available from Internet: https://www.elsevier.com/open-access/journal-embargo-finder/journal-embargo-finder-results?meta_t=rail&meta_s=&meta_i=&meta_w=&embargo=true&start_rank=1&fmo=1&meta_w_not=n.a

ERA. 2012. Guide for the application of Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSIs). Reference No ERA/GUI/07-2011/INT. European Railway Agency (ERA). 51 p. Available from Internet: https://www.era.europa.eu/system/files/2022-10/Guide%20for%20Conformity%20assessment%20and%20EC%20verification%20%28EN%29_0.pdf

ERTMS. 2021. Members. European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). Available from Internet: https://ertms.be/members

Eschmann, F.; Zwiehoff, S.; Fessler, P.; Kleespies, F. 2020. Automatisiertes Rangieren: Fahrzeugtechnik und -komponenten, EI – Der Eisenbahningenieur (12): 18–21. Available from Internet: https://eurailpress-archiv.de/SingleView.aspx?show=2058733 (in German).

Fecher, B.; Friesike, S. 2013. Open science: one term, five schools of thought, SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2272036

Fell, M. J. 2019. The economic impacts of open science: a rapid evidence assessment, Publications 7(3): 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030046

Ferrier, L.; Ibrahim, H.; Issa, M.; Ilinca, A. 2021. Development and validation of a railway safety system for Nordic trains in isolated territories of Northern Quebec based on IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, Sensors 21(18): 6129. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186129

Fioretto, M.; Anagnostopoulou, A. 2019. D1.1 Taxonomy of Actors, Terminology and Experimental Tools. 167 p. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4899813

FOSTER. 2021. Definition of Open Reproducible Research. Available from Internet: https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/taxonomy/term/103

Francesco, R.; Gabriele, M.; Stefano, R. 2016. Complex railway systems: capacity and utilisation of interconnected networks, European Transport Research Review 8: 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-016-0216-6

Gadd, S. C.; Comber, A.; Tennant, P.; Gilthorpe, M. S.; Heppenstall, A. J. 2022. The utility of multilevel models for continuous-time feature selection of spatio-temporal networks, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 91: 101728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101728

Gellerman, H.; Svanberg, E.; Barnard, Y. 2016. Data sharing of transport research data, Transportation Research Procedia 14: 2227–2236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.238

GoBeta. 2021. Der DB Regio Data Hack 2021. Available from Internet: https://gobeta.de/veranstaltungen/remote-regio-hack-2021 (in German).

Golightly, D.; Easton, J. M.; Roberts, C.; Sharples, S. 2013. Applications, value and barriers of common data frameworks in the rail industry of Great Britain, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 227(6): 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409713499148

Google Books. 2021. Google Books Ngram Viewer. Available from Internet: https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Open+Science

GOV.UK. 2014. Toronto Hackathon to Target Dementia Challenges with Innovative Ideas. British High Commission Ottawa. Available from Internet: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/toronto-hackathon-to-target-dementia-challenges-with-innovative-ideas

Hase, K.-R. 2011. “Open proof” for railway safety software – a potential way-out of vendor lock-in advancing to standardization, transparency, and software security, in E. Schnieder, G. Tarnai. (Eds.). FORMS/FORMAT 2010, 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14261-1_2

Heimstädt, M.; Friesike, S. 2021. The odd couple: contrasting openness in innovation and science, Innovation: Organization & Management 23(3): 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2020.1837631

Herzog, N.; Egbers, C. 2013. Numerical prediction of pressure drop and particle separation efficiency of some vane-type dust filters, Powder Technology 245: 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2013.04.050

ITU. 2021. Definition of “Open Standards”. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Geneva, Switzerland. Available from internet: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/ipr/Pages/open.aspx

Jeansoulin, R. 2021. A century of French Railways: the value of remote sensing and VGI in the fusion of historical data, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10(3): 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030154

Klöckner, A.; Knoblach, A.; Heckmann, A. 2017. How to shape noise spectra for continuous system simulation, Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems: Methods, Tools and Applications in Engineering and Related Sciences 23(3): 284–300.

Krawczyk, F.; Kulczycki, E. 2021. How is open access accused of being predatory? The impact of Beall’s lists of predatory journals on academic publishing, The Journal of Academic Librarianship 47(2): 102271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102271

Laakso, M.; Welling, P.; Bukvova, H.; Nyman, L.; Björk, B.-C.; Hedlund, T. 2011. The development of open access journal publishing from 1993 to 2009, PLOS ONE 6(6): e20961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020961

Li, J.; Lutzemberger, G.; Poli, D. 2019a. Electro-mechanical modelling and simulation of railroad systems, in 2019 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), 18–20 September 2019, Florence, Italy, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.23919/AEIT.2019.8893407

Li, Z.; Yin, Z.; Tang, T.; Gao, C. 2019b. Fault diagnosis of railway point machines using the locally connected autoencoder, Applied Sciences 9(23): 5139. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235139

Liberati, A.; Altman, D. G.; Tetzlaff, J.; Mulrow, C.; Gøtzsche, P. C.; Ioannidis, J. P. A.; Clarke, M.; Devereaux, P. J.; Kleijnen, J.; Moher, D. 2009. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration, Annals of Internal Medicine 151(4): W-65–W-94. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136

Luteberget, B.; Johansen, C. 2021. Drawing with SAT: four methods and A tool for producing railway infrastructure schematics, Formal Aspects of Computing 33(6): 829–854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-021-00566-z

Metso, L.; Kans, M. 2017. An ecosystem perspective on asset management information, Management Systems in Production Engineering 25(3): 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1515/mspe-2017-0022

Mingozzi, E.; Cau, G.; Cavaliere, F. 2002. The train communication network in the trains of FS fleet: optimisation, integration and interoperability of railway functionality, WIT Transactions on The Built Environment 61: 115–124. Available from Internet: https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/61/247

Mirowski, P. 2018. The future(s) of open science, Social Studies of Science 48(2): 171–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312718772086

Mühlemann, R. 2020. OCORA – Die Europäische Initiative zur ETCS-Fahrzeugausrüstung der Zukunft, Signal+Draht (9). Available from Internet: https://eurailpress-archiv.de/SingleView.aspx?show=1877345 (in German).

OASIS Open. 2021. OASIS Universal Business Language (UBL) TC. Available from Internet: https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=ubl

OECD. 2015. Making Open Science a Reality. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 107 p. https://doi.org/10.1787/5jrs2f963zs1-en

Okuda, A.; Takahashi, T. 2021. A method for visualizing train delay trends on railway lines using open data, in Proceedings of SPIE: International Workshop on Advanced Imaging Technology (IWAIT) 2021, 5–6 January 2021, Kagoshima (Virtual), Japan, 11766: 1176639. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2591021

Ozdagli, A. I.; Liu, B.; Moreu, F. 2018. Low-cost, efficient wireless intelligent sensors (LEWIS) measuring real-time reference-free dynamic displacements, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 107: 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.01.034

Palts, K.; Kindler, K.; Borras, E. C. 2019. D1.2 – Open Science Framework, Terminology and Instruments. Project “European forum and oBsErvatory for OPEN science in transport” (BE OPEN). Project No 824323. 52 p. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899706

Pawlik, M. 2019. Railway safety and security versus growing cybercrime challenges, Communications in Computer and Information Science 1049: 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27547-1_5

Phienthrakul, T.; Samnienggam, M.; Kungwannarongkul, B. 2018. Data exchange design in Thai rail operations, in 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Rail Transportation (ICIRT), 12–14 December 2018, Singapore, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIRT.2018.8641554

Piwowar, H.; Priem, J.; Larivière, V.; Alperin, J. P.; Matthias, L.; Norlander, B.; Farley, A.; West, J.; Haustein, S. 2018. The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of open access articles, PeerJ 6: e4375. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4375

Pontika, N.; Knoth, P.; Cancellieri, M.; Pearce, S. 2015. Fostering open science to research using a taxonomy and an eLearning portal, in i-KNOW’15: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Knowledge Technologies and Data-driven Business, 21–22 October 2015, Graz, Austria, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/2809563.2809571

Rahman, S. S.; Easton, J. M.; Roberts, C. 2015. Mining open and crowdsourced data to improve situational awareness for railway, in ASONAM’15: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining 2015, 25–28 August 2015, Paris, France, 1240–1243. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808797.2809369

Renz, H.-W. 2004. Open communication standards for safe and secure railway control, Alcatel Telecommunications Review (2): 208–214.

RNE TIS. 2018. TAF TSI business process and train information system, in TAF/TAP Workshop, 7–8 March 2018, Bucharest, Romania. 23 p. Available from Internet: https://www.era.europa.eu/system/files/2022-10/RNE%20TIS.pdf

Rohunen, A.; Markkula, J.; Heikkilä, M.; Heikkilä, J. 2014. Open traffic data for future service innovation – addressing the privacy challenges of driving data, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 9(3): 71–89. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762014000300007

Roth, M.; Winter, H. 2020. An open data set for rail vehicle positioning experiments, in 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 20–23 September 2020, Rhodes, Greece, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC45102.2020.9294594

Sadler, J.; Griffin, D.; Gilchrist, A.; Austin, J.; Kit, O.; Heavisides, J. 2016. GeoSRM – online geospatial safety risk model for the GB rail network, IET Intelligent Transport Systems 10(1): 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2015.0038

Sahal, R.; Breslin, J.G.; Ali, M. I. 2020. Big data and stream processing platforms for Industry 4.0 requirements mapping for a predictive maintenance use case, Journal of Manufacturing Systems 54: 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2019.11.004

Shankar, S.; Schubert, L. A.; Patil, A. J.; Erdmann, J. 2020. Der Einsatz von Big Data und Verkehrssimulation SUMO im Rahmen von Rail2X – The use of big data and the SUMO transportation simulation in Rail2X, Signal+Draht (10): 49–58. Available from Internet: https://eurailpress-archiv.de/SingleView.aspx?show=1946143

Shift2Rail. 2021. Hack 2 Rail – Join Shift2Rail’s Online Hackathon! Available from Internet: https://rail-research.europa.eu/news/hack-2-rail-join-shift2rails-online-hackathon

Stavinova, E.; Chunaev, P.; Bochenina, K. 2021. Forecasting railway ticket dynamic price with Google Trends open data, Procedia Computer Science 193: 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.10.034

Sun, X.; Wandelt, S.; Zhang, A. 2021. Comparative accessibility of Chinese airports and high-speed railway stations: A high-resolution, yet scalable framework based on open data, Journal of Air Transport Management 92: 102014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.102014

Swab, M.; Romme, K. 2016. Scholarly sharing via twitter: #icanhazpdf requests for health sciences literature, Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association / Journal de l’Association des bibliothèques de la santé du Canada 37(1). https://doi.org/10.5596/c16-009

Tang, H. 2021. Implementing open educational resources in digital education, Educational Technology Research and Development 69(1): 389–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09879-x

Taylor & Francis Group. 2021. Open access cost finder 2021. Informa UK Limited. Available from Internet: https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/choose-open/publishing-open-access/open-access-cost-finder/

Teo, Z.-T.; Tran, B. A. N.; Lakshminarayana, S.; Temple, W.G.; Chen, B.; Tan, R.; Yau, D. K. Y. 2016. SecureRails: towards an open simulation platform for analyzing cyber-physical attacks in railways, in 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), 22–25 November 2016, Singapore, 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2016.7847966

Topham, G. 2015. DfT hopes 48-hour hackathon will get railways back on track, The Guardian, 19 November 2015. Available from Internet: https://amp.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/19/transport-hackathon-hacktrain-uk-railways

Tseng, Y.-W.; Hung, T.-W.; Pan, C.-L.; Wu, R.-C. 2019. Motion control system of unmanned railcars based on image recognition, Applied System Innovation 2(1): 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi2010009

UIC. 2016. Railway Standardisation Strategy Europe. International Union of Railways (UIC), Paris, France. 20 p. Available from Internet: https://uic.org/europe/IMG/pdf/rail_standardisation_strategy_europe_light.pdf

UIC. 2019. UIC Launches the OpenRail Brand. International Union of Railways (UIC), Paris, France. Available from Internet: https://uic.org/com/enews/nr/661/article/uic-launches-the-open-rail-brand?page=modal_enews

UIC. 2021. UIC TrainRail Hackathon – 26 November 2021: How Can Railways be Resilient in the Face of Pandemics? International Union of Railways (UIC), Paris, France. Available from Internet: https://uic.org/events/uic-trainrail-hackathon-26-november-2021

UITP. 2019. Blog: Cooperation on Data in Public Transport – From Intention to Action. Available from Internet: https://www.uitp.org/news/cooperation-on-data-in-public-transport-from-intention-to-action

Van Allen, J.; Katz, S. 2020. Teaching with OER during pandemics and beyond, Journal for Multicultural Education 14(3/4): 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-04-2020-0027

Van Wee, B.; Banister, D. 2016. How to write a literature review paper?, Transport Reviews 36(2): 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2015.1065456

Vicente-Saez, R.; Martinez-Fuentes, C. 2018. Open science now: a systematic literature review for an integrated definition, Journal of Business Research 88: 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.043

Vohland, K.; Göbel, C.; Balázs, B.; Butkevičienė, E.; Daskolia, M.; Duží, B.; Hecker, S.; Manzoni, M.; Schade, S. 2021. Citizen science in Europe, in K. Vohland, A. Land-Zandstra, L. Ceccaroni, R. Lemmens, J. Perelló, M. Ponti, R. Samson, K. Wagenknecht (Eds.). The Science of Citizen Science, 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4_3

Wandelt, S.; Wang, Z.; Sun, X. 2017. Worldwide railway skeleton network: extraction methodology and preliminary analysis, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 18(8): 2206–2216. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2016.2632998

Weiss, S.; Riehl, I.; Hantusch, J.; Gross, U. 2018. Numerical investigation on the crucible discharge of steel and slag during the aluminothermic welding process, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 63(1): 73–80. https://doi.org/10.24425/118925

Wiersch, M. 2019. Railway computing needs open standards, Railway Gazette International, 5 December 2019. Available from Internet: https://www.railwaygazette.com/in-depth/railway-computing-needs-open-standards/55275.article

Wiki. 2021. OpenRailwayMap. Available from Internet: https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/OpenRailwayMap

Wikipedia. 2021. Liste wichtiger Eisenbahnperiodika. Available from Internet: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_wichtiger_Eisenbahnperiodika (in German).

Ziolkowski, M. 2020. Citizen scientists documenting hazardous materials shipments on American railroads, Case Studies on Transport Policy 8(4): 1181–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.07.016

Zunder, T. H. 2021. A semi-systematic literature review, identifying research opportunities for more sustainable, receiver-led inbound urban logistics flows to large higher education institutions, European Transport Research Review 13: 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-021-00487-1