The analysis of heavy metal pollutants emitted by railway transport
Abstract
Recently, concern for a rapid increase in heavy metal pollutants released by railway transport has been expressed. Most of pollutant emissions from combustion processes are related to fuel consumption in the internal combustion engines of traction rolling stock. The main pollutants released into the environment cover particulate matter, volatile non-methane organic compounds, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. In this way, it is likely that the biggest polluters of the environment are traction units with internal combustion engines. However, other types of pollution are possible, where polluters can be not only traction rolling stock with the internal combustion engines, but also electric locomotive. For example, when due to friction of metals and deterioration of rolling stock wheels, heavy metals such as aerosols are released into the atmosphere, soil, surface and ground water, etc. and severely pollute the railway environment. Along with an increase in the electrification of railways, local environmental pollution is likely to be increased in the future. High pollution by heavy metals can also occur near the track storing creosote-impregnated wooden railway sleepers. Having analysed railway transport intensity and in order to assess pollution level, the stations of three major cities of Lithuania (Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda) were selected to investigate heavy metal pollutants (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn)) acting as the most toxic and widespread elements. The highest concentrations of Pb (up to 50 mg/kg) were found at a distance of 5.0 m from railway sleepers in the upper (up to 10 cm) soil layer at Vilnius Railway Station. A comparison of the results of the investigated soil across the tested stations showed that Klaipėda Railway Station was the area most polluted with Cd. The highest concentrations of Cd (up to 1.5…1.8 mg/kg) were established at a varying distance of 5…10 m from the sleepers in the upper (up to 10 cm) soil layer of light loam. Among the investigated stations, the lowest pollution by heavy metals, including Zn, was found at Kaunas Railway Station where sandy loam dominated. A comparison of heavy metal pollutants deposited on the intact used and rotten wooden railway sleepers disclosed that the latter were more heavily contaminated with heavy metals and made from 8 to 13 mg/kg for Pb, from 0.3 to 1.2 mg/kg for Cd, from 13.8 to 66 mg/kg for Zn.
Keyword : railway transport, pollution, wooden railway sleepers, environmental protection, soil pollution, heavy metals, lead, cadmium, zinc
How to Cite
Vaiškūnaitė, R., & Jasiūnienė, V. (2020). The analysis of heavy metal pollutants emitted by railway transport. Transport, 35(2), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12751
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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LST ISO 10381-3:2003. Dirvožemio kokybė. Ėminių ėmimas. 3 dalis. Saugos vadovas (in Lithuanian).
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Chen, Z.; Wang, K. X.; Ai, Y. W.; Li, W.; Gao, H.; Fang, C. 2014. The effects of railway transportation on the enrichment of heavy metals in the artificial soil on railway cut slopes, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186(2): 1039–1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3437-3
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Guo, G.; Wu, F.; Xie, F.; Zhang, R. 2012. Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils from southwest China, Journal of Environmental Sciences 24(3): 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60762-6
Hasselbach, L.; Ver Hoef, J. M.; Ford, J.; Neitlich, P.; Crecelius, E.; Berryman, S.; Wolk, B.; Bohle, T. 2005. Spatial patterns of cadmium and lead deposition on and adjacent to national park service lands in the vicinity of Red Dog Mine, Alaska, Science of the Total Environment 348(1–3): 211–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.084
Helmreich, B.; Hilliges, R.; Schriewer, A.; Horn, H. 2010. Run-off pollutants of a highly trafficked urban road – correlation analysis and seasonal influences, Chemosphere 80(9): 991–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.037
HN 60:2015. Pavojingųjų cheminių medžiagų ribinės vertės dirvožemyje. Lietuvos higienos norma. Lietuvos Respublikos sveikatos apsaugos ministerija. (in Lithuanian).
Ho, Y. B.; Tai, K. M. 1988. Elevated levels of lead and other metals in roadside soil and grass and their use to monitor aerial metal depositions in Hong Kong, Environmental Pollution 49(1): 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(88)90012-7
Huang, B.; Kuo, S., Bembenek, R. 2004. Availability of cadmium in some phosphorus fertilizers to field-grown lettuce, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: an International Journal of Environmental Pollution 158(1): 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000044832.04770.41
Khan, M. N.; Wasim, A. A.; Sarwar, A.; Rasheed, M. F. 2011a. Assessment of heavy metal toxicants in the roadside soil along the N-5, national highway, Pakistan, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 182(1–4): 587–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1899-8
Khan, S.; Khan, M. A.; Rehman, S. 2011b. Lead and cadmium contamination of different roadside soils and plants in Peshawar City, Pakistan, Pedosphere 21(3): 351–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(11)60135-5
Kim, K.-H.; Kim, S.-H. 1999. Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils in central regions of Korea, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: an International Journal of Environmental Pollution 111(1–4): 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005056310428
Kluge, B.; Wessolek, G. 2012. Heavy metal pattern and solute concentration in soils along the oldest highway of the world – the AVUS Autobahn, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184(11): 6469–6481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2433-8
Koeleman, M.; Vd Laak, W. J.; Ietswaart, H. 1999. Dispersion of PAH and heavy metals along motorways in the Netherlands – an overview, Science of the Total Environment 235(1–3): 347–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00253-3
Langmi, H. W.; Watt, J. 2003. Evaluation of computer-controlled SEM in the study of metal-contaminated soils, Mineralogical Magazine 67(2): 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461036720096
Li, F.-R.; Kang, L.-F.; Gao, X.-Q.; Hua, W.; Yang, F.-W.; Hei, W.-L. 2007. Traffic-related heavy metal accumulation in soils and plants in Northwest China, Soil and Sediment Contamination: an International Journal 16(5): 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320380701490168
Lee, S.-H.; Kim, E.-Y.; Hyun, S.; Kim, J.-G. 2009. Metal availability in heavy metal-contaminated open burning and open detonation soil: assessment using soil enzymes, earthworms, and chemical extractions, Journal of Hazardous Materials 170(1): 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.088
Liu, H.; Chen, L.-P.; Ai, Y.-W.; Yang, X.; Yu, Y.-H.; Zuo, Y.-B.; Fu, G.-Y. 2009. Heavy metal contamination in soil alongside mountain railway in Sichuan, China, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 152(1–4): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0293-7
Lorenzo, R.; Kaegi, R.; Gehrig, R.; Grobéty, B. 2006. Particle emissions of a railway line determined by detailed single particle analysis, Atmospheric Environment 40(40): 7831–7841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.026
LST ISO 10381-1:2005. Dirvožemio kokybė. Ėminių ėmimas. 1 dalis. Ėminių ėmimo programų sudarymo vadovas (in Lithuanian).
LST ISO 10381-2:2005. Dirvožemio kokybė. Ėminių ėmimas. 2 dalis. Ėmimo būdų vadovas (in Lithuanian).
LST ISO 10381-3:2003. Dirvožemio kokybė. Ėminių ėmimas. 3 dalis. Saugos vadovas (in Lithuanian).
LST ISO 10381-4:2006. Dirvožemio kokybė. Ėminių ėmimas. 4 dalis. Natūralių, pusiau natūralių ir dirbamų sklypų tyrimo vadovas (in Lithuanian).
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