Gender equality index of the autonomous communities of Spain: a multidimensional analysis
Abstract
The main aim of this document is to establish a diagnosis of inequality between men and women in the autonomous communities of Spain. This study proposes a multidimensional methodology composed of 25 variables and classifies them in four dimensions: education, labor market, social conditions, and empowerment, using the subjective preference model to determine the weight of each variable. Then the four dimensions are added with equal weight to obtain a general indicator for each of the autonomous communities. Therefore, this study presents an adequate diagnosis that allows comparing the gender gap for each of the autonomous communities in any of the different issues raised: both in every dimension and at a general level. The final goal is to establish a methodological reference framework to estimate how gender equality benefits the regional economy. This estimation will be done in our next research.
First published online 3 June 2019
Keyword : gender equality, gender gap, multidimensional analysis
How to Cite
Gil-Lafuente, A. M., Torres-Martinez, A., Amiguet-Molina, L., & Boria-Reverter, S. (2019). Gender equality index of the autonomous communities of Spain: a multidimensional analysis. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 25(5), 915-933. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.10288
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Adina, M. T. (2014). The gender equality index and the gender gaps for EU Countries. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, XIV(2), 220-223.
Agarwal, B. (2018). The challenge of gender inequality. Economia Politica, 35(1), 3-12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-018-0092-8
Alvesson, M. (1998). Gender relations and identity at work: A case study of masculinities and femininities in an advertising agency. Human Relations, 51(8), 969-1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679805100801
Apodaca, C. (1998). Measuring women’s economic and social rights achievement. Human Rights Quarterly, 20(1), 139-172. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.1998.0001
Bericat Alastuey, E., & Sánchez Bermejo, E. (2008). Balance de la desigualdad de género en España. Un sistema de indicadores sociales.
Bericat, E. (2012). The European gender equality index: conceptual and analytical issues. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9872-z
Branisa, B., Klasen, S., Ziegler, M., Drechsler, D., & Jütting, J. (2014). The institutional basis of gender inequality: the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI). Feminist Economics, 20(2), 29-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2013.850523
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
Dijkstra, A. G. (2002). Revisiting UNDP’s GDI and GEM: Towards an alternative. Social Indicators Research, 57(3), 301-338. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014726207604
Dijkstra, A. G., & Hanmer, L. C. (2000). Measuring socio-economic gender inequality: toward an alternative to the UNDP gender-related development index. Feminist Economics, 6(2), 41-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700050076106
Dilli, S. (2018). Introducing the historical gender equality index. Feminist Economics, 25(1), 31-57.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1442582
Economic Commission for Africa. (2004). The African gender and development index 2004.
European Institute for Gender Equality. (2017). Gender equality index 2017: Measuring gender equality in the European Union 2005–2015. https://doi.org/10.2839/770576
Fernández-Sáez, J., Ruiz-Cantero, M. T., Guijarro-Garvi, M., Rodenas-Calatayud, C., Martí-Sempere, M., & Jiménez-Alegre, M. D. (2016). Tiempos de equidad de género: descripción de las desigualdades entre comunidades autónomas, España 2006–2014. Gaceta Sanitaria, 30(4), 250-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.03.015
Frias, S. M. (2008). Measuring structural gender equality in Mexico: A state level analysis. Social Indicators Research, 88(2), 215-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9193-4
Gil Aluja, J. (1999). Elements for a theory of decision in uncertainty (APOP, Vol. 32). Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3011-1
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.56.2.109
Harvey, E. B., Blakely, J. H., & Tepperman, L. (1990). Toward an index of gender equality. Social Indicators Research, 22(3), 299-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301104
Kjeldstad, R., & Kristiansen, J. E. (2001). Constructing a regional gender equality index: reflections on a first experience with Norwegian data. Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 18(1), 41-49.
Official State Gazette. (2007). Organic Law 3/2007 of March 22 for the effective equality of women and men, 03/23/2007. Retrieved from https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-6115
Pillarisetti, J. R., & McGillivray, M. (1998). Human development and gender empowerment: methodological and measurement issues. Development Policy Review, 16(2), 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00059
Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Towards a European Union gender equality index. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928708098521
Redding, E. M., Ruiz-Cantero, M. T., Fernández-Sáez, J., & Guijarro-Garvi, M. (2017). Gender inequality and violence against women in Spain, 2006–2014: Towards a civilized society. Gaceta Sanitaria, 31(2), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.07.025
Saaty, T. L. (1977). A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15(3), 234-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(77)90033-5
Sugarman, D. B., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Indicators of equality for American states and regions. Social Indicators Research, 20(3), 229-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302398
United Nations Development Programme. (2015). Gender Inequality Index (GII). Human Development Report: Work for Human Development.
Wodon, Q. T. & De La Briere, B. (2018). Unrealized potential: The high cost of gender inequality in earnings. Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.1596/29865
World Health Organization. (2002). Integrating gender perspectives in the work of WHO: WHO gender policy.
Yllö, K. (1984). The status of women, marital equality, and violence against wives: a contextual analysis. Journal of Family Issues, 5(3), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251384005003002
Agarwal, B. (2018). The challenge of gender inequality. Economia Politica, 35(1), 3-12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-018-0092-8
Alvesson, M. (1998). Gender relations and identity at work: A case study of masculinities and femininities in an advertising agency. Human Relations, 51(8), 969-1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679805100801
Apodaca, C. (1998). Measuring women’s economic and social rights achievement. Human Rights Quarterly, 20(1), 139-172. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.1998.0001
Bericat Alastuey, E., & Sánchez Bermejo, E. (2008). Balance de la desigualdad de género en España. Un sistema de indicadores sociales.
Bericat, E. (2012). The European gender equality index: conceptual and analytical issues. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9872-z
Branisa, B., Klasen, S., Ziegler, M., Drechsler, D., & Jütting, J. (2014). The institutional basis of gender inequality: the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI). Feminist Economics, 20(2), 29-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2013.850523
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
Dijkstra, A. G. (2002). Revisiting UNDP’s GDI and GEM: Towards an alternative. Social Indicators Research, 57(3), 301-338. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014726207604
Dijkstra, A. G., & Hanmer, L. C. (2000). Measuring socio-economic gender inequality: toward an alternative to the UNDP gender-related development index. Feminist Economics, 6(2), 41-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700050076106
Dilli, S. (2018). Introducing the historical gender equality index. Feminist Economics, 25(1), 31-57.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1442582
Economic Commission for Africa. (2004). The African gender and development index 2004.
European Institute for Gender Equality. (2017). Gender equality index 2017: Measuring gender equality in the European Union 2005–2015. https://doi.org/10.2839/770576
Fernández-Sáez, J., Ruiz-Cantero, M. T., Guijarro-Garvi, M., Rodenas-Calatayud, C., Martí-Sempere, M., & Jiménez-Alegre, M. D. (2016). Tiempos de equidad de género: descripción de las desigualdades entre comunidades autónomas, España 2006–2014. Gaceta Sanitaria, 30(4), 250-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.03.015
Frias, S. M. (2008). Measuring structural gender equality in Mexico: A state level analysis. Social Indicators Research, 88(2), 215-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9193-4
Gil Aluja, J. (1999). Elements for a theory of decision in uncertainty (APOP, Vol. 32). Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3011-1
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.56.2.109
Harvey, E. B., Blakely, J. H., & Tepperman, L. (1990). Toward an index of gender equality. Social Indicators Research, 22(3), 299-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301104
Kjeldstad, R., & Kristiansen, J. E. (2001). Constructing a regional gender equality index: reflections on a first experience with Norwegian data. Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 18(1), 41-49.
Official State Gazette. (2007). Organic Law 3/2007 of March 22 for the effective equality of women and men, 03/23/2007. Retrieved from https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-6115
Pillarisetti, J. R., & McGillivray, M. (1998). Human development and gender empowerment: methodological and measurement issues. Development Policy Review, 16(2), 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00059
Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Towards a European Union gender equality index. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928708098521
Redding, E. M., Ruiz-Cantero, M. T., Fernández-Sáez, J., & Guijarro-Garvi, M. (2017). Gender inequality and violence against women in Spain, 2006–2014: Towards a civilized society. Gaceta Sanitaria, 31(2), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.07.025
Saaty, T. L. (1977). A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15(3), 234-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(77)90033-5
Sugarman, D. B., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Indicators of equality for American states and regions. Social Indicators Research, 20(3), 229-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302398
United Nations Development Programme. (2015). Gender Inequality Index (GII). Human Development Report: Work for Human Development.
Wodon, Q. T. & De La Briere, B. (2018). Unrealized potential: The high cost of gender inequality in earnings. Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.1596/29865
World Health Organization. (2002). Integrating gender perspectives in the work of WHO: WHO gender policy.
Yllö, K. (1984). The status of women, marital equality, and violence against wives: a contextual analysis. Journal of Family Issues, 5(3), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251384005003002