Removal of iron and organic substances from groundwater in an alkaline medium
Abstract
The article discusses the effectiveness of alkalinisation with calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in the treatment of groundwater from Quaternary formations with an increased content of total iron (up to 6.82 mgFe/dm3) and organic substances (TOC up to 5.60 mgC/dm3). The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the groundwater treatment, in particular, the removal of iron and organic substances in the sorption process and co-precipitation with calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. The correction of the reaction was carried out with aqueous solutions of calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide in the pH range from 8.5 to 10.5. As the pH of the water increased, the efficiency of its treatment increased. The treatment results depended on the type of alkalizing reagent, especially in the case of removal of organic substances, reduction of colour and organic substances fixed in iron-organic complexes. Higher suitability of calcium hydroxide than sodium hydroxide in alkalinisation has been demonstrated. Calcium ions introduced into the treated water together with calcium hydroxide probably neutralized organic anions fixed in iron-organic complexes and determining colour and TOC, increasing their susceptibility to adsorption.
Keyword : groundwater, organic substances, iron, alkalinisation, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sorption, co-precipitation
How to Cite
Krupińska, I. (2019). Removal of iron and organic substances from groundwater in an alkaline medium. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 27(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2019.7726
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Krupińska, I., Kowalczyk, W., & Szczepaniak G. (2013). Effect of coexistence ratio of organic substances and total iron in groundwater on its treatment efficacy. Ochrona Środowiska, 35(3), 27-34.
Krupińska, I. (2016). The impact of the oxidising agent type and coagulant type on the effectiveness of coagulation in the removal of pollutants from underground water with an increased content of organic substances. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 24(01), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1113179
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Albrektiene, R., Rimeika, M., & Grazeniene, R. (2014, 22–23 May). Organic fractions and metal-organic complexes in the groundwater [CD]. In 9th International Conference “Environmental Engineering” (pp. 1-7). Vilnius, Lithuania.
Albrektiene, R., & Rimeika, M. (2017, 27–28 May). Efficiency of removal of iron, manganese, ammonium and organic matter from groundwater [CD]. In 10th International Conference “Environmental Engineering” (pp. 1-7). Vilnius, Lithuania.
Ayoub, G. M., Zayyat, R. M., & Al-Hindi, M. (2014a). Precipitation softening: a pretreatment process for seawater desalination. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(4), 2876-2887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2237-1
Ayoub, G. M., BinAhmed, S. W., Al-Hindi, M., & Azizi, F. (2014b). Coagulation of highly turbid suspensions using magnesium hydroxide: effects of slow mixing conditions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(17), 10502-10513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2857-0
Brastad, K. S., & He, Z. (2013). Water softening using microbial desalination cell technology. Desalination, 309, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.09.015
Cheng, W., & Ghi, F. (2002). A study of coagulation mechanisms of polyferric sulfate reacting with humic acid using a fluorescence-quenching method. Water Research, 36, 4583-4591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00189-6
Chen, Y., Fan, R., An, D., Cheng, Y., & Tan, H. (2016). Water softening by induced crystallization in fluidized bed. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 50, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.014
Davis, C. C., & Edwards, M. (2014). Coagulation with hydrolyzing metal salts: mechanisms and water quality impacts. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44(4), 303-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2012.718947
Duan, J. M., & Gregory, J. (2003). Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts. Advances Colloid Interface Science, 100, 475-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(02)00067-2
Dowling, A., O’Dwyer, J., & Adley, C. (2015). Lime in the limelight. Journal of Cleaner Production, 92, 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.047
Eikerokk, B. (2000). Removal of humic substances by coagulation. Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment VI (pp. 173-187). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Esmaeilirad, N., Carlson, K., & Ozbek, P. O. (2015). Influence of softening sequencing on electrocoagulation treatment of produced water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 283, 721-729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.046
Ghernaout, D. (2014). The hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio vs. dissolved organics removal by coagulation: A review. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 26(3), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.09.005
Ghernaout, D., & Boucherit, A. (2015). Review of coagulation’s rapid mixing for NOM removal. Journal of Research and Developments in Chemistry, 2015, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.5171/2015.926518
Ghernaout, D., Simoussa, A., Alghamdi, A., Ghernaout, B., Elboughdiri, N., Mahjoubi, A., Aichouni, M., & El-Wakil, A. E. (2018). Combining lime softening with alum coagulation for hard Ghrib dam water conventional treatmen. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(5), 61-70. . https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.05.008
Gao, Y., Yan, M. Q., & Korshin, G. (2015). Effects of calcium on the chromophores of dissolved organic matter and their interactions with copper. Water Research, 81, 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.038
Gonczarow, T. O., Kołosow, I. W., & Kapli, W. (2003). O formach nachorzdjenija metallow w poijerchnowstnych wodach. Gidrometeoizdat, 77, 73-89.
Huang, C., & Shiu, H. (1996). Interactions between alum and organics in coagulation. Colloids and Surface, 113, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(96)03543-1
Khatri, N., Tyagi, S., & Rawtani, D. (2017). Recent strategies for the removal of iron from water: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 19, 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.08.015
Knocke, R. W., Conley, L., & Van Benschoten, J. E. (1992). Impact of dissolved organic carbon on the removal of iron during water treatment. Water Research, 26(11), 1515-1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(92)90072-C
Kowal, A. L., & Świderska-Bróż, M. (2007). Oczyszczanie wody. Podstawy teoretyczne i technologiczne, procesy i urządzenia. PWN, Warszawa.
Krupińska, I. (2012). Suitability of coagulation for treatment of groundwater. Annual Set the Environmental Protection, 14, 491-501.
Krupińska, I., Kowalczyk, W., & Szczepaniak G. (2013). Effect of coexistence ratio of organic substances and total iron in groundwater on its treatment efficacy. Ochrona Środowiska, 35(3), 27-34.
Krupińska, I. (2016). The impact of the oxidising agent type and coagulant type on the effectiveness of coagulation in the removal of pollutants from underground water with an increased content of organic substances. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 24(01), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1113179
Krupińska, I. (2017a). Effect of organic substances on the efficiency of Fe(II) to Fe(III) oxidation and removal of iron compounds from groundwater in the sedimentation process. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, 26(3), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0032
Krupińska, I. (2017b). The impact of potassium manganate (VII) on the effectiveness of coagulation in the removal of iron and manganese from groundwater with an increased content of organic substances. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, 27(4), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0048
Liao, M. J., & Randtke, S. (1985). Removing fulvic acid by lime softening. Journal American Water Works Association, 77(8), 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1985.tb05592.x
Liao, M. J., & Randtke, S. (1986). Predicting the removal of soluble organic contaminants by lime softening. Water Research, 20(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(86)90210-1
Lin, J., Couperthwaite, S. J., Huang, C., Dempsey, B., & Hu, J. (2014). Fate of hydrolyzed Al species in humic acid coagulation. Water Research, 56(1), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.004
Lin, J., Couperthwaite, S. J., & Millar, G. J. (2017). Applicability of iron based coagulants for pre-treatment of coal seam water. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(1), 1119-1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.01.041
Mahasti, N., Shih, H., Vu, V., & Huang, Y. (2017). Removal of calcium hardness from solution by fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization (FBHC) process. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 78, 378-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.06.040
Marsidi, N., Hasan, H. A., & Abdullah, S. R. S. (2018). A review of biological aerated filters for iron and manganese ions removal in water treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 23, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.01.010
Moel, P. J., Verberk, J. Q., & Van Dijk, J. C. (2007). Drinking water: principles and practices. World Scientific Publishing.
Myszograj, S., Płuciennik-Koropczuk, E., Jakubaszek, A., & Świętek, A. (2017). Cod fractions – methods of measurement and use in wastewater treatment technology. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, 24(1), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0014
Nowacka, A., Włodarczyk-Makuła, M., & Macherzyński, B. (2014). Comparison of effectiveness of coagulation with aluminum sulfate and pre-hydrolyzed aluminum coagulants. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52, 3843-3851. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.888129
Nowacka, A., & Włodarczyk-Makuła, M. (2014). Impact of selected pre-hydrolyzed aluminum coagulants on improving of treated water quality. Annual Set the Environment Protection, 16, 336-350.
Płuciennik-Koropczuk, E., Jakubaszek, A., Świętek, A., Myszograj, S., & Uszakiewicz, S. (2017). Cod fractions in mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, 24(1), 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0015
Pandey, A., Pandey, S., & Mistra, V. (2000). Stability constants of metal-humic acid complexes and its role in environmental detoxification. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 47, 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2000.1947
Randtke, S., Thiel, C. E., Marcia, Y., Liao, M. J., & Yamaya, C. N. (1982). Removing soluble organic contaminants by limesoftening. Journal American Water Works Association, 74(4), 192-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1982.tb04888.x
Regulation of the Minister of Health dated December 7, 2017 amending the regulation on the quality of drinking water mean for human consumption.
Rescorla, A., Semmens, M. J., & Hozalski, R. M. (2017). Effect of NOM and Lime Softening on Geosmin Removal by PAC. Journal American Water Works Association, 109(4), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2017.109.0030
Saxena, K., Brighu, U., & Choudhary, A. (2018). Parameters affecting enhanced coagulation: a review. Environmental Technology Reviews, 7(1), 156-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2018.1478456
Schnitzer, M., & Skinner, S. I. M. (1996). Organo-metallic interactions in soils. Stability constants of Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ fullvic acids complexes. Soil Science, 102, 102-361.
Sharma, S. K. (2001). Adsorptive iron removal from groundwater. The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger B. V., Lisse.
Shiyan, L. N., Tropina, E. A., Machekhina, K. I., Gryaznova, E. N., & An, V. (2014). Colloid stability of iron compounds in groundwater of Western Siberia. SpringerPlus, 3(1), 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-260
Sillanpää, M., Ncibi, M. C., Matilainen, A., & Vepsäläinen, M. (2018). Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment by coagulation: A comprehensive review. Chemosphere, 190, 54-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.113
Świderska-Bróż, M. (1987). Sorption phenomena in natural waters and in water treatment processes. Ochrona Środowiska, 2-3(32-33), 9-13.
Teh Fu Yen. (2007). Chemical processes for environmental engineering. London: Imperial College Press. https://doi.org/10.1142/p488
Urbanowska, A., & Kabsch-Korbutowicz, M. (2016). Characteristics of natural organic matter removed from water along with its treatment. Environment Protection Engineering, 42, 183-195.
Wang, L. K., Wu, J. S., Shammas, N. K., & Vaccari, D. A. (2005). Recarbonation and softening. Physicochemical Treatment Processes, 3, 199-228. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:199
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