Share:


Green space exposure’s influence on mental well-being during COVID-19 campus lockdowns: a satisfaction mediating pathway

    Shaoyou Zhou Affiliation
    ; Shiqi Wang Affiliation
    ; Haonan Liu Affiliation

Abstract

Recent research indicates that exposure to green space may have positive effects on the mental health of students, potentially mediated by factors such as environmental satisfaction and social cohesion. However, the specific impact of green space exposure on students’ mental health during the COVID-19 campus lockdowns unexplored. To investigate this relationship, a survey was conducted via social media among 346 current students residing on a locked-down campus, assessing their mental well-being, green space satisfaction, social environment satisfaction, subjective exposure and objective exposure to green space. A structural equation model (SEM) was employed to examine the relationships among various dimensions of green space exposure, satisfaction and students’ mental well-being. The findings indicate that subjective exposure to green space has a positive impact on mental well-being and indirectly through social environment satisfaction. Additionally, objective exposure could indirectly influence mental well-being through green space satisfaction and social environment satisfaction.

Keyword : green space exposure, mental well-being, structural equation model, satisfaction, blocked campus, COVID-19

How to Cite
Zhou, S., Wang, S., & Liu, H. (2024). Green space exposure’s influence on mental well-being during COVID-19 campus lockdowns: a satisfaction mediating pathway. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 32(2), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2024.20973
Published in Issue
Mar 12, 2024
Abstract Views
448
PDF Downloads
306
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Akpinar, A. (2016a). How is high school greenness related to students’ restoration and health? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 16, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.007

Akpinar, A. (2016b). How is quality of urban green spaces associated with physical activity and health? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 16, 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.011

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), Article 411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411

Baba, C., Kearns, A., McIntosh, E., Tannahill, C., & Lewsey, J. (2017). Is empowerment a route to improving mental health and wellbeing in an urban regeneration (UR) context? Urban Studies, 54(7), 1619–1637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016632435

Barnett, A., Van Dyck, D., Van Cauwenberg, J., Zhang, C. J., Lai, P. C., & Cerin, E. (2020). Objective neighbourhood attributes as correlates of neighbourhood dissatisfaction and the mediating role of neighbourhood perceptions in older adults from culturally and physically diverse urban environments. Cities, 107, Article 102879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102879

Bloemsma, L. D., Gehring, U., Klompmaker, J. O., Hoek, G., Janssen, N. A. H., Smit, H. A., Vonk, J. M., Brunekreef, B., Lebret, E., & Wijga, A. H. (2018). Green space visits among adolescents: Frequency and predictors in the PIAMA birth cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 126(4), Article 047016. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2429

Bratman, G. N., Anderson, C. B., Berman, M. G., Cochran, B., De Vries, S., Flanders, J., Folke, C., Frumkin, H., Gross, J. J., Hartig, T., Kahn Jr., P. H., Kuo, M., Lawler, J. J., Levin, P. S., Lindahl, T., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Mitchell, R., Ouyang, Z., Roe, J., … Daily, G. C. (2019). Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Science Advances, 5(7), Article eaax0903. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0903

Browning, M. H., Rigolon, A., & McAnirlin, O. (2022). Where greenspace matters most: A systematic review of urbanicity, greenspace, and physical health. Landscape and Urban Planning, 217, Article 104233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104233

Budd, G. E., & Jensen, S. (2017). The origin of the animals and a ‘Savannah’ hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution. Biological Reviews, 92(1), 446–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12239

Chan, E. T., & Li, T. E. (2022). The effects of neighbourhood attachment and built environment on walking and life satisfaction: A case study of Shenzhen. Cities, 130, Article 103940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103940

Chan, L., Liu, R. K., Lam, T. P., Chen, J. Y., Tipoe, G. L., & Ganotice, F. A. (2022). Validation of the World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) among medical educators in Hong Kong: A confirmatory factor analysis. Medical Education Online, 27(1), Article 2044635. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2022.2044635

Chen, J., & Chen, S. (2015). Mental health effects of perceived living environment and neighborhood safety in urbanizing China. Habitat International, 46, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.11.002

Chen, N., Hall, C. M., Yu, K., & Qian, C. (2019). Environmental satisfaction, residential satisfaction, and place attachment: The cases of long-term residents in rural and urban areas in China. Sustainability, 11(22), Article 6439. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226439

Cox, D. T., Hudson, H. L., Shanahan, D. F., Fuller, R. A., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). The rarity of direct experiences of nature in an urban population. Landscape and Urban Planning, 160, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.12.006

Dadvand, P., Hariri, S., Abbasi, B., Heshmat, R., Qorbani, M., Motlagh, M. E., Basagaña, X., & Kelishadi, R. (2019). Use of green spaces, self-satisfaction and social contacts in adolescents: A population-based CASPIAN-V study. Environmental Research, 168, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.033

de la Iglesia Martinez, A., & Labib, S. (2023). Demystifying normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for greenness exposure assessments and policy interventions in urban greening. Environmental Research, 220, Article 115155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.115155

Dong, H., & Qin, B. (2017). Exploring the link between neighborhood environment and mental wellbeing: A case study in Beijing, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 164, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.005

Dzhambov, A. M., Markevych, I., Hartig, T., Tilov, B., Arabadzhiev, Z., Stoyanov, D., Gatseva, P., & Dimitrova, D. D. (2018). Multiple pathways link urban green-and bluespace to mental health in young adults. Environmental Research, 166, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.004

Elliott, J., Gale, C. R., Parsons, S., Kuh, D., & Team, H. S. (2014). Neighbourhood cohesion and mental wellbeing among older adults: A mixed methods approach. Social Science & Medicine, 107, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.027

Evans, G. W. (2003). The built environment and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 80, 536–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg063

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

Francescato, G., Weidemann, S., & Anderson, J. R. (1989). Evaluating the built environment from the users’ point of view: An attitudinal model of residential satisfaction. In Building evaluation (pp. 181–198). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3722-3_14

Gomm, S., & Bernauer, T. (2023). Are actual and perceived environmental conditions associated with variation in mental health? Environmental Research, 223, Article 115398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115398

Gozalo, G. R., Morillas, J. M. B., González, D. M., & Moraga, P. A. (2018). Relationships among satisfaction, noise perception, and use of urban green spaces. Science of the Total Environment, 624, 438–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.148

Gulwadi, G. B., Mishchenko, E. D., Hallowell, G., Alves, S., & Kennedy, M. (2019). The restorative potential of a university campus: Objective greenness and student perceptions in Turkey and the United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 187, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.03.003

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall.

Helbich, M., Poppe, R., Oberski, D., van Emmichoven, M. Z., & Schram, R. (2021). Can’t see the wood for the trees? An assessment of street view-and satellite-derived greenness measures in relation to mental health. Landscape and Urban Planning, 214, Article 104181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104181

Hipp, J. A., Gulwadi, G. B., Alves, S., & Sequeira, S. (2016). The relationship between perceived greenness and perceived restorativeness of university campuses and student-reported quality of life. Environment and Behavior, 48(10), 1292–1308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916515598200

Holt, E. W., Lombard, Q. K., Best, N., Smiley-Smith, S., & Quinn, J. E. (2019). Active and passive use of green space, health, and well-being amongst university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), Article 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030424

Holtan, M. T., Dieterlen, S. L., & Sullivan, W. C. (2015). Social life under cover: Tree canopy and social capital in Baltimore, Maryland. Environment and Behavior, 47(5), 502–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513518064

Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), Article 424. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424

Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003

Jabbar, M., Yusoff, M. M., & Shafie, A. (2022). Assessing the role of urban green spaces for human well-being: A systematic review. GeoJournal, 87, 4405–4423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10474-7

Jiang, B., Deal, B., Pan, H., Larsen, L., Hsieh, C.-H., Chang, C.-Y., & Sullivan, W. C. (2017). Remotely-sensed imagery vs. eye-level photography: Evaluating associations among measurements of tree cover density. Landscape and Urban Planning, 157, 270–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.010

Jiang, Y., & Huang, G. (2022). Urban residential quarter green space and life satisfaction. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 69, Article 127510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127510

Ki, D., & Lee, S. (2021). Analyzing the effects of Green View Index of neighborhood streets on walking time using Google Street View and deep learning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 205, Article 103920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103920

Kley, S., & Dovbishchuk, T. (2021). How a lack of green in the residential environment lowers the life satisfaction of city dwellers and increases their willingness to relocate. Sustainability, 13(7), Article 3984. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073984

Krellenberg, K., Welz, J., & Reyes-Päcke, S. (2014). Urban green areas and their potential for social interaction–A case study of a socio-economically mixed neighbourhood in Santiago de Chile. Habitat International, 44, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.04.004

Labib, S., Lindley, S., & Huck, J. J. (2020). Spatial dimensions of the influence of urban green-blue spaces on human health: A systematic review. Environmental Research, 180, Article 108869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108869

Lara-Cabrera, M. L., Mundal, I. P., & De Las Cuevas, C. (2020). Patient-reported well-being: Psychometric properties of the world health organization well-being index in specialised community mental health settings. Psychiatry Research, 291, Article 113268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113268

Lattie, E. G., Lipson, S. K., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Technology and college student mental health: Challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, Article 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00246

Leslie, E., & Cerin, E. (2008). Are perceptions of the local environment related to neighbourhood satisfaction and mental health in adults? Preventive Medicine, 47(3), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.014

Li, L., Zheng, Y., & Ma, S. (2023). Links of urban green space on environmental satisfaction: A spatial and temporarily varying approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(4), 3469–3501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02175-z

Li, X., Ni, G., & Dewancker, B. (2019). Improving the attractiveness and accessibility of campus green space for developing a sustainable university environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 33399–33415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06319-z

Li, X., Zhang, C., Li, W., Kuzovkina, Y. A., & Weiner, D. (2015). Who lives in greener neighborhoods? The distribution of street greenery and its association with residents’ socioeconomic conditions in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4), 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.006

Li, Y., Zhao, J., Ma, Z., McReynolds, L. S., Lin, D., Chen, Z., Wang, T., Wang, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Fan, F., & Liu, X. (2021). Mental health among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: A 2-wave longitudinal survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.109

Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Increased rates of mental health service utilization by US college students: 10-year population-level trends (2007–2017). Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332

Liu, M., Ye, Z., He, P., Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhou, C., Zhang, Y., Gan, X., & Qin, X. (2023). Relations of residential green and blue spaces with new-onset chronic kidney disease. Science of the Total Environment, 869, Article 161788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161788

Liu, Q., Liu, Z., Lin, S., & Zhao, P. (2022a). Perceived accessibility and mental health consequences of COVID-19 containment policies. Journal of Transport & Health, Article 101354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2022.101354

Liu, Q., Luo, S., Shen, Y., Zhu, Z., Yao, X., Li, Q., Tarin, M. W. K., Zheng, J., & Zhuo, Z. (2022b). Relationships between students’ demographic characteristics, perceived naturalness and patterns of use associated with campus green space, and self-rated restoration and health. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 68, Article 127474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127474

Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Lin, Y., You, D., Zhang, W., Huang, Q., Konijnen­dijk van den Bosch, C. C., & Lan, S. (2018). The relationship between self-rated naturalness of university green space and students’ restoration and health. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 34, 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.07.008

Liu, W., Sun, N., Guo, J., & Zheng, Z. (2022c). Campus green spaces, academic achievement and mental health of college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), Article 8618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148618

Liu, Y., Wang, R., Grekousis, G., Liu, Y., Yuan, Y., & Li, Z. (2019a). Neighbourhood greenness and mental wellbeing in Guangzhou, China: What are the pathways? Landscape and Urban Planning, 190, Article 103602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103602

Liu, Y., Wang, R., Lu, Y., Li, Z., Chen, H., Cao, M., Zhang, Y., & Song, Y. (2020). Natural outdoor environment, neighbourhood social cohesion and mental health: Using multilevel structural equation modelling, streetscape and remote-sensing metrics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 48, Article 126576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126576

Liu, Y., Wang, R., Xiao, Y., Huang, B., Chen, H., & Li, Z. (2019b). Exploring the linkage between greenness exposure and depression among Chinese people: Mediating roles of physical activity, stress and social cohesion and moderating role of urbanicity. Health & Place, 58, Article 102168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102168

Loder, A. K. F., Gspurning, J., Paier, C., & van Poppel, M. N. M. (2020). Objective and perceived neighborhood greenness of students differ in their agreement in home and study environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), Article 3427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103427

Lu, Y., Sarkar, C., & Xiao, Y. (2018). The effect of street-level greenery on walking behavior: Evidence from Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine, 208, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.022

Ma, D., Kuang, Y., Lan, Z., Zeng, S., Li, Y., Shang, M., Zhang, R.-Y., Zhao, B., & Li, W. (2023). The rapid change in mental health among college students after introduction of on-campus quarantine during the 2022 Shanghai COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, Article 1132575. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1132575

Markevych, I., Schoierer, J., Hartig, T., Chudnovsky, A., Hystad, P., Dzhambov, A. M., de Vries, S., Triguero-Mas, M., Brauer, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Lupp, G., Richardson, E. A., Astell-Burt, T., Dimitrova, D., Feng, X., Sadeh, M., Standl, M., Heinrich, J., & Fuertes, E. (2017). Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environmental Research, 158, 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028

Marselle, M. R., Hartig, T., Cox, D. T. C., de Bell, S., Knapp, S., Lindley, S., Triguero-Mas, M., Böhning-Gaese, K., Braubach, M., Cook, P. A., de Vries, S., Heintz-Buschart, A., Hofmann, M., Irvine, K. N., Kabisch, N., Kolek, F., Kraemer, R., Markevych, I., Martens, D., … Bonn, A. (2021). Pathways linking biodiversity to human health: A conceptual framework. Environment International, 150, Article 106420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106420

Maslow, A. H. (1981). Motivation and personality. Prabhat Prakashan.

McCarthy, S., & Habib, M. A. (2018). Investigation of life satisfaction, travel, built environment and attitudes. Journal of Transport & Health, 11, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.09.007

McEachan, R. R., Yang, T. C., Roberts, H., Pickett, K. E., Arseneau-Powell, D., Gidlow, C. J., Wright, J., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2018). Availability, use of, and satisfaction with green space, and children’s mental wellbeing at age 4 years in a multicultural, deprived, urban area: Results from the Born in Bradford cohort study. The Lancet Planetary Health, 2(6), e244–e254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30119-0

Moore, T. H. M., Kesten, J. M., López-López, J. A., Ijaz, S., McAleenan, A., Richards, A., Gray, S., Savović, J., & Audrey, S. (2018). The effects of changes to the built environment on the mental health and well-being of adults: Systematic review. Health & Place, 53, 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.07.012

Mouratidis, K. (2020). Neighborhood characteristics, neighborhood satisfaction, and well-being: The links with neighborhood deprivation. Land Use Policy, 99, Article 104886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104886

Mukherjee, D., Safraj, S., Tayyab, M., Shivashankar, R., Patel, S. A., Narayanan, G., Ajay, V. S., Ali, M. K., Narayan, KM. V., Tandon, N., & Prabhakaran, D. (2017). Park availability and major depression in individuals with chronic conditions: Is there an association in urban India? Health & Place, 47, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.07.004

Pasanen, T. P., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., Garrett, J. K., & Elliott, L. R. (2019). Neighbourhood blue space, health and wellbeing: The mediating role of different types of physical activity. Environment International, 131, Article 105016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105016

Patwary, M. M., Disha, A. S., Bardhan, M., Haque, M. Z., Kabir, M. P., Billah, S. M., Hossain, M. R., Alam, M. A., Browning, M. H. E. M., Shuvo, F. K., Piracha, A., Zhao, B., Swed, S., Shah, J., & Shoib, S. (2022). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward coronavirus and associated anxiety symptoms among university students: A cross-sectional study during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 856202. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856202

Pedrelli, P., Nyer, M., Yeung, A., Zulauf, C., & Wilens, T. (2015). College students: Mental health problems and treatment considerations. Academic Psychiatry, 39(5), 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0205-9

Qiao, Y., Chen, Z., Chen, Y., & Zheng, T. (2021). Deciphering the link between mental health and green space in Shenzhen, China: The mediating impact of residents’ satisfaction. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, Article 561809. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.561809

Qin, B., Zhu, W., Wang, J., & Peng, Y. (2021). Understanding the relationship between neighbourhood green space and mental wellbeing: A case study of Beijing, China. Cities, 109, Article 103039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103039

Reid, C. E., Rieves, E. S., & Carlson, K. (2022). Perceptions of green space usage, abundance, and quality of green space were associated with better mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic among residents of Denver. PloS One, 17(3), Article e0263779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263779

Ruijsbroek, A., Mohnen, S. M., Droomers, M., Kruize, H., Gidlow, C., Gražulevičiene, R., Andrusaityte, S., Maas, J., Nieuwen­huijsen, M. J., Triguero-Mas, M., Masterson, D., Ellis, N., van Kempen, E., Hardyns, W., Stronks, K., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2017). Neighbourhood green space, social environment and mental health: An examination in four European cities. International Journal of Public Health, 62, 657–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-0963-8

Sampson, R. J. (2003). The neighborhood context of well-being. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 46(3), S53–S64. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2003.0059

Senanayake, N., & King, B. (2019). Health-environment futures: Complexity, uncertainty, and bodies. Progress in Human Geography, 43(4), 711–728. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517743322

Sugiyama, T., Leslie, E., Giles-Corti, B., & Owen, N. (2008). Associations of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: Do walking, social coherence and local social interaction explain the relationships? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62(5), Article e9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.064287

Sun, S., Chen, Y., Mu, S., Jiang, B., Lin, Y., Gao, T., & Qiu, L. (2021). The psychological restorative effects of campus environments on college students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study at Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), Article 8731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168731

Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A systematic review of the literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585

van den Bogerd, N., Dijkstra, S. C., Koole, S. L., Seidell, J. C., de Vries, R., & Maas, J. (2020). Nature in the indoor and outdoor study environment and secondary and tertiary education students’ well-being, academic outcomes, and possible mediating pathways: A systematic review with recommendations for science and practice. Health & Place, 66, Article 102403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102403

Vilcins, D., Sly, P. D., Scarth, P., & Mavoa, S. (2022). Green space in health research: An overview of common indicators of greenness. Reviews on Environmental Health. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2022-0083

Wang, R., Feng, Z., Pearce, J., Liu, Y., & Dong, G. (2021a). Are greenspace quantity and quality associated with mental health through different mechanisms in Guangzhou, China: A comparison study using street view data. Environmental Pollution, 290, Article 117976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117976

Wang, R., Feng, Z., Pearce, J., Zhou, S., Zhang, L., & Liu, Y. (2021b). Dynamic greenspace exposure and residents’ mental health in Guangzhou, China: From over-head to eye-level perspective, from quantity to quality. Landscape and Urban Planning, 215, Article 104230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104230

Weckroth, M., Ala-Mantila, S., Ballas, D., Ziogas, T., & Ikonen, J. (2022). Urbanity, neighbourhood characteristics and perceived quality of life (qol): Analysis of individual and contextual determinants for perceived QoL in 3300 postal code areas in Finland. Social Indicators Research, 164(1), 139–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02835-z

Xiao, Y., Miao, S., Sarkar, C., Fan, L., & Li, Z. (2020). Do neighborhood ties matter for residents’ mental health in affordable housing: Evidence from Guangzhou, China. Cities, 100, Article 102666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102666

Xiao, Y., Miao, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., & Wenjie, W. (2021). Exploring the health effects of neighborhood greenness on Lilong residents in Shanghai. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 66, Article 127383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127383

Xiao, Y., Wang, D., & Fang, J. (2019). Exploring the disparities in park access through mobile phone data: Evidence from Shanghai, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 181, 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.09.013

Xu, T., Wang, S., Liu, Q., Kim, J., Zhang, J., Ren, Y., Ta, N., Wang, X., & Wu, J. (2023). Vegetation color exposure differences at the community and individual levels: An explanatory framework based on the neighborhood effect averaging problem. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 86, Article 128001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.128001

Yang, M., Dijst, M., Faber, J., & Helbich, M. (2020). Using structural equation modeling to examine pathways between perceived residential green space and mental health among internal migrants in China. Environmental Research, 183, Article 109121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109121

Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Zhou, S., Cheng, Y., & Zhao, B. (2022). Do various dimensions of exposure metrics affect biopsychosocial pathways linking green spaces to mental health? A cross-sectional study in Nanjing, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 226, Article 104494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104494

Zhang, L., Zhou, S., & Kwan, M.-P. (2019). A comparative analysis of the impacts of objective versus subjective neighborhood environment on physical, mental, and social health. Health & Place, 59, Article 102170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102170

Zhang, R., Zhang, C.-Q., & Rhodes, R. E. (2021). The pathways linking objectively-measured greenspace exposure and mental health: A systematic review of observational studies. Environmental Research, 198, Article 111233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111233

Zhang, W., Huang, L., Xu, F., Liu, H., & Wang, G. (2023). Impact of campus living conditions on Chinese medical school students’ mental health during the COVID-19 campus lockdown: The chain mediating role of cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, Article 1171425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1171425

Zimring, C. (1982). The built environment as a source of psychological stress: Impacts of buildings and cities on satisfaction and behavior. In Environmental stress (pp. 151–178). Cambridge University Press.

Zuniga-Teran, A. A., Stoker, P., Gimblett, R. H., Orr, B. J., Marsh, S. E., Guertin, D. P., & Chalfoun, N. V. (2019). Exploring the influence of neighborhood walkability on the frequency of use of greenspace. Landscape and Urban Planning, 190, Article 103609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103609