Landscape change of land use in the karst region of Jinan city, North China
Abstract
With the rapid development of urbanization, land use change has occurred in most karst mountain regions of North China over the last decade, so studying landscape pattern changes induced by urbanization would have implicational significance to regional planning and sustainability. Based on RS, GIS, and field investigation, land use change induced by urbanization in Jinan city belonging to the karst mountainous area of North China was analyzed over 30 years from 1987 to 2018, and further the landscape response of these changes was explored. The results indicate that (1) the most obvious changes have occurred in both urban/built-up land area and cropland area with rapid urbanization development in Jinan’s karst area, and the former increased by 246.4 km2 but the latter decreased by 343.3 km2 from 1987 to 2018; (2) landscape pattern of land use is profoundly changed by quick urbanization in the period from 2000 to 2018, but does not siginificently from 1987 to 2000; and (3) in the monitoring period, the cropland’s shape inclines to fragmentation and regularization, and the shapes of urban/built-up land and barren land have become increasingly distinct from the patch class level; from patch landscape level, the artificial landscape type (urban/built-up land) is increasingly dominant but the natural landscape type (grassland) is decreasingly dominant, thereby resulting in the disturbance of urban karst environment of Jinan city. Therefore, a protection policy should be taken to achieve strong urban karst sustainable development of North China.
Keyword : land use change, urban sprawl, landscape response, karst mountain area, Jinan city
How to Cite
Qi, S., Heng, F., & Ji, L. (2023). Landscape change of land use in the karst region of Jinan city, North China. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 31(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2023.18063
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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McGarigal, K., & Marks, B. J. (1995). FRAGSTATS: Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-351
Niesterowicz, J., & Stepinski, T. F. (2016). On using landscape metrics for landscape similarity search. Ecological Indicators, 64, 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.12.027
Parise, M., & Pascali, V. (2003). Surface and subsurface environmental degradation in the karst of Apulia (southern Italy). Environmental Geology, 44, 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0773-6
Philip, V. B., & Kaya, T. (2005). A disturbance index for karst environments. Environmental Management, 36, 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0265-9
Plexida, S. G., Sfougaris, A. I., Ispikoudis, I. P., & Papanastasis, V. P. (2014). Selecting landscape metrics as indicators of spatial heterogeneity—A comparison among Greek landscapes. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 26, 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.05.001
Pontius, Jr. R. G., Yan, G., Nicholas, G., Takashi, K., Mitsuru, O., & Kazuyo, H. (2013). Design and interpretation of intensity analysis illustrated by land change in central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land, 2(3), 351–369. https://doi.org/10.3390/land2030351
Pontius, Jr. R. G., Huang, J. L., Jiang, W. L., Sam, K., Lin, Y. T., Liu, J. Y., Quan, B., & Ye, S. (2017). Rules to write mathematics to clarify metrics such as the land use dynamic degrees. Landscape Ecology, 32(12), 2249–2260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-017-0584-x
Qi, S. Z., & Zhang, X. X. (2011). Urbanization induced environmental hazards from breakage hills in the karst geological region of Jinan City, China. Natural Hazards, 56, 571–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9701-8
Qi, S. Z., Guo, J. M., Jia, R., & Sheng, W. F. (2020). Land use change induced ecological risk in the urbanized karst region of North China: a case study of Jinan city. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79, 280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09036-w
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Sauro, U. (2006). Changes in the use of natural resources and human impact in the karst environment of the Venetian Prealps (Italy). Acta Carsologica, 35, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v35i2-3.228
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Tong, X. W., Brandt, M., Yue, Y. M., Horion, S., Wang, K. L., Keersmaecker, W. D., Tian, F., Schurgers, G., Xiao, X. M., Luo, Y. Q., Chen, C., Myneni, R., Shi, Z., Chen, H. S., & Fensholt, R. (2018). Increased vegetation growth and carbon stock in China karst via ecological engineering. Nature Sustainability, 1, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-017-0004-x
Wu, Q., Xing, L., & Zhou, W. (2010). Utilization and protection of large karst springs in China. In N. Kresic & Z. Stevanovic (Eds.), Groundwater hydrology of springs. Elsevier.
Wu, Y., Luo, Z. H., Luo, W., Ma, T., & Wang, Y. X. (2018). Multiple isotope geochemistry and hydrochemical monitoring of karst water in a rapidly urbanized region. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 218, 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.10.009
Xu, Y. T., Qi, S. Z., Wang, G. W., & Shang, G. D. (2012). Urbanization induced landscape change of urban hills in Jinan city, karst geological region of North China. Landscape Research, 37, 721–726. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2011.650630
Yang, J. M., Li, S. M., Xu, J. W., Wang, X. J., & Zhang, X. G. (2020). Effects of changing scales on landscape patterns and spatial modeling under urbanization. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 28(2), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.12081
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Zhang, X. X., Sheng, W. F., & Qi, S. Z. (2018). Hazards and reflection on Fangshan District extreme rainstorm of July 21, 2012, the urban mountainous region of Beijing, North China. Natural Hazards, 94, 1459–1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3464-z
Zhao, J., Wang, C., Jin, Z., Sun, G., & Xiao, J. (2009). Seasonal variation in nature and chemical compositions of spring water in Cuihua Mountain, Shaanxi Province, central China. Environmental Geology, 57, 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1460-4
Zhao, Y. L., Han, R., Cui, N., Yang, J. B., & Guo, L. (2021). The impact of urbanization on ecosystem health in typical karst areas: A case study of Liupanshui City, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010093
Andriani, G. F., & Walsh, N. (2009). An example of the effects of anthropogenic changes on natural environment in the Apulian karst (southern Italy). Environmental Geology, 58, 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1604-6
Brion, G., Brye, K. R., Haggard, B. E., West, C., & Brahana, J. V. (2011). Land-use effects on water quality of a first-order stream in the Ozark Highlands, mid-southern United States. River Research and Applications, 27, 772–790. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1394
Cabral, A. I. R., & Costa, F. L. (2017). Land cover changes and landscape pattern dynamics in Senegal and Guinea Bissau borderland. Applied Geography, 82, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.03.010
Chen, F., Chen, J., Wu, H., Hou, D. Y., Zhang, W. W., Zhang, J., Zhou, X. G., & Chen, L. J. (2016). A landscape shape index-based sampling approach for land cover accuracy assessment. Science China Earth Sciences, 59(12), 2263–2274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5280-5
Dadashpoor, H., Azizi, P., & Moghadasi, M. (2019). Land use change, urbanization, and change in landscape pattern in a metropolitan area. Science of the Total Environment, 655, 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.267
Enaruvbe, G. O., & Pontius, Jr. R. G. (2015). Influence of classification errors on intensity analysis of land changes in southern Nigeria. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 36(1), 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2014.994721
Feng, Y., & Liu, Y. F. (2015). Fractal dimension as an indicator for quantifying the effects of changing spatial scales on landscape metrics. Ecological Indicators, 53, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.01.020
Gao, Z. J., Liu, J. T., Xu, X. Y., Wang, Q. B., Wang, M., Feng, J. G., & Fu, T. F. (2020). Temporal variations of Spring water in karst areas: A case study of Jinan Spring area, northern China. Water, 12(4), 1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041009
Grimmeisen, F., Zemann, M., Goeppert, N., & Goldscheider, N. (2016). Weekly variations of discharge and groundwater quality caused by intermittent water supply in an urbanized karst catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 537, 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.045
Guo, F., Jiang, G. H., Polk, J. S., Huang, X. F., & Huang, S. Y. (2015). Resilience of groundwater impacted by land use and climate change in a karst aquifer, South China. Water Environment Research, 87, 1990–1998. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143015X14362865226798
Huang, M., Qi, S. Z., & Shang, G. D. (2012). Karst landslides hazard during 1940–2002 in the mountainous region of Guizhou Province, Southwest China. Natural Hazards, 60, 781–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-0018-z
Huang, Q., Cai, Y., & Xing, X. (2008). Rocky desertifcation, anti-desertifcation, and sustainable development in the karst mountain region of Southwest China. Ambio, 37, 390–392. https://doi.org/10.1579/08-S-493.1
Jin, G., Shi, X., He, D. W., Guo, B. S., Li, Z. H., & Shi, X. B. (2020). Designing a spatial pattern to rebalance the orientation of development and protection in Wuhan. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30, 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-020-1743-6
Jiang, Y. J., & Yan, J. (2010). Effects of land use on hydrochemistry and contamination of karst groundwater from Nandong underground river system, China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 210, 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0229-z
Lang, Y. Q., & Song, W. (2019). Quantifying and mapping the responses of selected ecosystem services to projected land use changes. Ecological Indicators, 102, 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.02.019
Li, C. M. (1985). Karst groundwater resources and springs protection in Jinan City. Carsologica Sinica, Z1, 31–39 (in Chinese).
Li, C. M., & Kang, F. (1999). Karst groundwater modelling with respect to withdrawal augmenting. Shandong Scientific Press.
Li, J., Hong, A. H., Yuan, D. X., Jiang, Y. J., Zhang, Y. Z., Deng, S. J., Cao, C., Liu, J., & Chen, Y. B. (2021). Elaborate simulations and forecasting of the effects of urbanization on karst flood events using the improved Karst-Liuxihe model. Catena, 197, 104990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104990
Li, Z. F., Li, X., Wang, Y., Ma, A. Q., & Wang, J. (2004). Land-use change analysis in Yulin prefecture, northwestern China using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 5691–5703. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160412331291206
Liu, J. H., Cao, X. Y., Zhao, L. S., Dong, G. L., & Jia, K. (2022). Spatiotemporal differentiation of land ecological security and its influencing factors: A case study in Jinan, Shandong Province, China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 824254. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.824254
Liu, J. Y., Zhan, J. Y., & Deng, X. Z. (2005). Spatio-temporal patterns and driving forces of urban land expansion in China during the economic reform era. Ambio, 34, 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-34.6.450
Lu, Y. (1986). China karsts: Landscape, types and rules. Geological Press.
McGarigal, K., & Marks, B. J. (1995). FRAGSTATS: Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-351
Niesterowicz, J., & Stepinski, T. F. (2016). On using landscape metrics for landscape similarity search. Ecological Indicators, 64, 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.12.027
Parise, M., & Pascali, V. (2003). Surface and subsurface environmental degradation in the karst of Apulia (southern Italy). Environmental Geology, 44, 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0773-6
Philip, V. B., & Kaya, T. (2005). A disturbance index for karst environments. Environmental Management, 36, 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0265-9
Plexida, S. G., Sfougaris, A. I., Ispikoudis, I. P., & Papanastasis, V. P. (2014). Selecting landscape metrics as indicators of spatial heterogeneity—A comparison among Greek landscapes. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 26, 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.05.001
Pontius, Jr. R. G., Yan, G., Nicholas, G., Takashi, K., Mitsuru, O., & Kazuyo, H. (2013). Design and interpretation of intensity analysis illustrated by land change in central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land, 2(3), 351–369. https://doi.org/10.3390/land2030351
Pontius, Jr. R. G., Huang, J. L., Jiang, W. L., Sam, K., Lin, Y. T., Liu, J. Y., Quan, B., & Ye, S. (2017). Rules to write mathematics to clarify metrics such as the land use dynamic degrees. Landscape Ecology, 32(12), 2249–2260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-017-0584-x
Qi, S. Z., & Zhang, X. X. (2011). Urbanization induced environmental hazards from breakage hills in the karst geological region of Jinan City, China. Natural Hazards, 56, 571–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9701-8
Qi, S. Z., Guo, J. M., Jia, R., & Sheng, W. F. (2020). Land use change induced ecological risk in the urbanized karst region of North China: a case study of Jinan city. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79, 280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09036-w
Quan, B., Hongge, R., Robert, G. P., & Peilin, L. (2018). Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns concerning land change in Changsha, China. Landscape Ecology and Engineering, 14(2), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-018-0349-y
Roth, D., Moreno-Sanchez, R., Torres-Rojo, J. M., & Moreno-Sanchez, F. (2016). Estimation of human induced disturbance of the environment associated with 2002, 2008 and 2013 land use/cover patterns in Mexico. Applied Geography, 66, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.11.009
Sabr, A., Moeinaddini, M., Azarnivand, H., & Guinot, B. (2016). Assessment of land use and land cover change using spatiotemporal analysis of landscape: Case study in south of Tehran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(12), 691–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5701-9
Sauro, U. (1993). Human impact on the karst of the Venetian Fore-Alps, Italy. Environmental Geology, 21, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00775294
Sauro, U. (2006). Changes in the use of natural resources and human impact in the karst environment of the Venetian Prealps (Italy). Acta Carsologica, 35, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v35i2-3.228
Schindler, S., Poirazidis, K., & Wrbka, T. (2008). Towards a core set of landscape metrics for biodiversity assessments: A case study from Dadia National Park, Greece. Ecological Indicators, 8, 502–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.06.001
Shi, P. J., Jiang, Y., Wang, J. A., Lian, g J. S., Li, X. B., Chen, J., Chen, Y. H., & He, C. Y. (2004). Land use/cover change (LUCC) and its impact on ecological security. Science Press.
Tong, X. W., Brandt, M., Yue, Y. M., Horion, S., Wang, K. L., Keersmaecker, W. D., Tian, F., Schurgers, G., Xiao, X. M., Luo, Y. Q., Chen, C., Myneni, R., Shi, Z., Chen, H. S., & Fensholt, R. (2018). Increased vegetation growth and carbon stock in China karst via ecological engineering. Nature Sustainability, 1, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-017-0004-x
Wu, Q., Xing, L., & Zhou, W. (2010). Utilization and protection of large karst springs in China. In N. Kresic & Z. Stevanovic (Eds.), Groundwater hydrology of springs. Elsevier.
Wu, Y., Luo, Z. H., Luo, W., Ma, T., & Wang, Y. X. (2018). Multiple isotope geochemistry and hydrochemical monitoring of karst water in a rapidly urbanized region. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 218, 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.10.009
Xu, Y. T., Qi, S. Z., Wang, G. W., & Shang, G. D. (2012). Urbanization induced landscape change of urban hills in Jinan city, karst geological region of North China. Landscape Research, 37, 721–726. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2011.650630
Yang, J. M., Li, S. M., Xu, J. W., Wang, X. J., & Zhang, X. G. (2020). Effects of changing scales on landscape patterns and spatial modeling under urbanization. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 28(2), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.12081
Zhang, W., & Wang, M. Y. (2018). Spatial-temporal characteristics and determinants of land urbanization quality in China: Evidence from 285 prefecture-level cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.12.011
Zhang, X. X., Sheng, W. F., & Qi, S. Z. (2018). Hazards and reflection on Fangshan District extreme rainstorm of July 21, 2012, the urban mountainous region of Beijing, North China. Natural Hazards, 94, 1459–1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3464-z
Zhao, J., Wang, C., Jin, Z., Sun, G., & Xiao, J. (2009). Seasonal variation in nature and chemical compositions of spring water in Cuihua Mountain, Shaanxi Province, central China. Environmental Geology, 57, 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1460-4
Zhao, Y. L., Han, R., Cui, N., Yang, J. B., & Guo, L. (2021). The impact of urbanization on ecosystem health in typical karst areas: A case study of Liupanshui City, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010093