Share:


Intangible assets investment and firms’ performance: evidence from small and medium-sized enterprises in Korea

    Hyeon Sik Seo   Affiliation
    ; YoungJun Kim   Affiliation

Abstract

While many studies have examined the relationship between investment in intangibles assets and performance in large corporations, current research is lacking in regard to intangible investments in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study looks at SMEs in which intangible investments would usually be minor because they tend to consider intangible investment as an inefficient cost and concentrate on investments in tangible assets. This paper aims to contribute to the current literature and suggests that investment in the intangible assets of (human capital, advertising, R&D) is essential for SMEs pursuing superior firm performance. Actual data collected from 173 SMEs in Korea were analyzed employing hierarchical regression methodology. Results indicate that all three intangible resources have a positive effect on a firm’s profitability and value. Interestingly, this research finds that investment in advertising has the most influential impact on a firm’s profitability and value. This study has implications for SMEs in achieving their profitability and value. The results in this study highlight that intangible investment is not a waste of money for SMEs, and that business managers could strategically utilize these three key contributors (human capital, advertising, R&D) and adopt investment in intangible assets to accomplish their managerial goals.

Keyword : intangible assets, human capital, advertising, research and development, firm performance, small and medium-sized enterprises

How to Cite
Seo, H. S. ., & Kim, Y. . (2020). Intangible assets investment and firms’ performance: evidence from small and medium-sized enterprises in Korea. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 21(2), 421-445. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.12022
Published in Issue
Mar 3, 2020
Abstract Views
3924
PDF Downloads
3033
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Aaker, D. (1996). Building strong brands: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. The Free Press.

Aaker, D. (2007). Innovation: Brand it or lose it. California Management Review, 50(1), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166414

Aaker, D. A. (2008). Spanning silos: The new CMO imperative. Harvard Business Press.

Ailawadi, K. L., Lehmann, D. R., & Neslin, S. A. (2003). Revenue premium as an outcome measure of brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 67(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.4.1.18688

Akgün, A. E., Keskin, H., Byrne, J. C., & Aren, S. (2007). Emotional and learning capability and their impact on product innovativeness and firm performance. Technovation, 27(9), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.03.001

Akman, G., & Yilmaz, C. (2008). Innovative capability, innovation strategy and market orientation: an empirical analysis in Turkish software industry. International Journal of Innovation Management, 12(01), 69–111. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919608001923

Andonova, V., & Ruíz-Pava, G. (2016). The role of industry factors and intangible assets in company performance in Colombia. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4377–4384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.060

Andras, T. L., & Srinivasan, S. S. (2003). Advertising intensity and R&D intensity: Differences across industries and their impact on firm’s performance. International Journal of Business and Economics, 2(2), 167.

Añón Higón, D., Gómez, J., & Vargas, P. (2017). Complementarities in innovation strategy: Do intangibles play a role in enhancing firm performance? Industrial and Corporate Change, 26(5), 865–886. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtw055

Arrighetti, A., Landini, F., & Lasagni, A. (2014). Intangible assets and firm heterogeneity: Evidence from Italy. Research Policy, 43(1), 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.07.015

Bai, Y., Yuan, J., & Pan, J. (2016). Why SMEs in emerging economies are reluctant to provide employee training: Evidence from China. International Small Business Journal, 35(6), 751–766. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616682360

Barker III, V. L., & Mueller, G. C. (2002). CEO characteristics and firm R&D spending. Management Science, 48(6), 782–801. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.6.782.187

Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108

Barney, J. B., & Arikan, A. M. (2001). The resource-based view: Origins and implications. In The Blackwell handbook of strategic management (pp. 124–188). Blackwell Publishers.

Barney, J. B., & Hesterly, W. (2015). Strategic management and competitive advantage concepts and cases. Pearson.

Barney, J. B., & Wright, P. M. (1998). On becoming a strategic partner: The role of human resources in gaining competitive advantage. Human Resource Management, 37(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(199821)37:1<31::AID-HRM4>3.0.CO;2-W

Bassi, L. J., Ludwig, J., McMurrer, D. P., & Van Buren, M. (2002). Profiting from learning: Firm-level effects of training investments and market implications. Singapore Management Review, 24(3), 61–76.

Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capita. Columbia University Press.

Bertrand, O. (2009). Effects of foreign acquisitions on R&D activity: Evidence from firm-level data for France. Research Policy, 38(6), 1021–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2009.03.001

Bharadwaj, A. S., Bharadwaj, S. G., & Konsynski, B. R. (1999). Information technology effects on firm performance as measured by Tobin’s q. Management Science, 45(7), 1008–1024. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.45.7.1008

Blundell, R., Dearden, L., Meghir, C., & Sianesi, B. (1999). Human capital investment: the returns from education and training to the individual, the firm and the economy. Fiscal Studies, 20(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1999.tb00001.x

Bontis, N., & Fitz-Enz, J. (2002). Intellectual capital ROI: A causal map of human capital antecedents and consequents. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 3(3), 223–247. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930210435589

Booltink, L. W., & Saka-Helmhout, A. (2017). The effects of R&D intensity and internationalization on the performance of non-high-tech SMEs. International Small Business Journal, 36(1), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242617707566

Bose, I., & Pal, R. (2012). Do green supply chain management initiatives impact stock prices of firms? Decision Support Systems, 52(3), 624–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2011.10.020

Bresnahan, T. F., Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. M. (2002). Information technology, workplace organization, and the demand for skilled labor: Firm-level evidence. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 339–376. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302753399526

Brockbank, W. (1999). If HR were really strategically proactive: Present and future directions in HR’s contribution to competitive advantage, Human Resource Management, 38(4), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(199924)38:4<337::AID-HRM8>3.0.CO;2-5

Carmona, P., Momparler, A., & Gieure, C. (2012). The performance of entrepreneurial small‐and medium‐sized enterprises. The Service Industries Journal, 32(15), 2463–2487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2012.677832

Chauvin, K. W., & Hirschey, M. (1993). Advertising, R&D expenditures and the market value of the firm. Financial Management, 22(4), 128–140.

Chen, C.-J., & Huang, J.-W. (2009). Strategic human resource practices and innovation performance – The mediating role of knowledge management capacity. Journal of Business Research, 62(1), 104– 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.11.016

Chen, J., & Waters, G. (2017). Firm efficiency, advertising and profitability: Theory and evidence. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 63, 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2016.04.004

Chen, Z., Zhang, J., & Zheng, W. (2017). Import and innovation: Evidence from Chinese firms. European Economic Review, 94, 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.02.008

Chowdhury, S., Schulz, E., Milner, M., & Van De Voort, D. (2014). Core employee based human capital and revenue productivity in small firms: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Research, 67(11), 2473–2479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.03.007

Coff, R. W. (2002). Human capital, shared expertise, and the likelihood of impasse in corporate acquisitions. Journal of Management, 28(1), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630202800107

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.

Corrado, C., Haskel, J., Jona-Lasinio, C., & Iommi, M. (2016). Intangible investment in the EU and US before and since the Great Recession and its contribution to productivity growth (EIB Working Papers 2016/08). European Investment Bank (EIB).

Corrado, C., Hulten, C., & Sichel, D. (2005). Measuring capital and technology: An expanded framework. In Measuring capital in the new economy (pp. 11–46). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226116174.003.0002

Cozzarin, B. P., & Percival, J. C. (2006). Complementarities between organisational strategies and innovation. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 15(3), 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590500222691

Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 555–590. https://doi.org/10.5465/256406

Davcik, N. S., & Sharma, P. (2016). Marketing resources, performance, and competitive advantage: A review and future research directions. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5547–5552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.169

Day, G. S. (1994). The capabilities of market-driven organizations. The Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299405800404

Del Valle, I. D., & Castillo, M. A. S. (2009). Human capital and sustainable competitive advantage: An analysis of the relationship between training and performance. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 5(2), 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0090-3

Dutta, S., Narasimhan, O., & Rajiv, S. (1999). Success in high-technology markets: Is marketing capability critical? Marketing Science, 18(4), 547–568. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.18.4.547

Ehie, I. C., & Olibe, K. (2010). The effect of R&D investment on firm value: An examination of US manufacturing and service industries. International Journal of Production Economics, 128(1), 127– 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.06.005

Ettlie, J. E. (1998). R&D and global manufacturing performance. Management Science, 44(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.44.1.1

Feng, H., Morgan, N. A., & Rego, L. L. (2017). Firm capabilities and growth: The moderating role of market conditions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-016-0472-y

Fosfuri, A., & Giarratana, M. S. (2009). Masters of war: Rivals’ product innovation and new advertising in mature product markets. Management Science, 55(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1080.0939

Franklin, D., & Marshall, R. (2019). Adding co-creation as an antecedent condition leading to trust in business-to-business relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 77, 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.10.002

Franko, L. G. (1989). Global corporate competition: Who’s winning, who’s losing, and the R&D factor as one reason why. Strategic Management Journal, 10(5), 449–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100505

Gamayuni, R. R. (2015). The effect of intangible asset, financial performance and financial policies on the firm value. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 4, 1–11.

Ghosh, D., & Lusch, R. F. (2000). Outcome effect, controllability and performance evaluation of managers: Some field evidence from multi-outlet businesses. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 25(4), 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(99)00045-8

Gogan, L. M., Artene, A., Sarca, I., & Draghici, A. (2016). The impact of intellectual capital on organizational performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 221, 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.106

Goodridge, P., Haskel, J., & Wallis, G. (2017). Spillovers from R&D and other intangible investment: Evidence from UK industries. Review of Income and Wealth, 63(s1), S22–S48. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12251

Guan, J., & Ma, N. (2003). Innovative capability and export performance of Chinese firms. Technovation, 23(9), 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(02)00013-5

Gui-long, Z., Yi, Z., Kai-hua, C., & Jiang, Y. (2017). The impact of R&D intensity on firm performance in an emerging market: Evidence from China’s electronics manufacturing firms. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 25(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2017.1302492

Hall, R. (1993). A framework linking intangible resources and capabiliites to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 14(8), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140804

Hatch, N. W., & Dyer, J. H. (2004). Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25(12), 1155–1178. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.421

Hay, D., & Morris, D. (1979). Industrial economics: Theory and evidence. Oxford University Press.

Helfat, C. E., & Peteraf, M. A. (2003). The dynamic resource‐based view: Capability lifecycles. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), 997–1010. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.332

Hitt, M. A., Bierman, L., Shimizu, K., & Kochhar, R. (2001). Direct and moderating effects of human capital on strategy and performance in professional service firms: A resource-based perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069334

Ho, Y. K., Keh, H. T., & Ong, J. M. (2005). The effects of R&D and advertising on firm value: An examination of manufacturing and nonmanufacturing firms. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 52(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2004.839943

Hooley, G. J., Greenley, G. E., Cadogan, J. W., & Fahy, J. (2005). The performance impact of marketing resources. Journal of Business Research, 58(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00109-7

Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C. M., & Wright, M. (2000). Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556394

Hult, G. T. M., Hurley, R. F., & Knight, G. A. (2004). Innovativeness: Its antecedents and impact on business performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(5), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2003.08.015

Hunt, S. D., & Morgan, R. M. (1995). The comparative advantage theory of competition. The Journal of Marketing, 59(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900201

Jeng, D. J.-F., & Pak, A. (2016). The variable effects of dynamic capability by firm size: The interaction of innovation and marketing capabilities in competitive industries. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0330-7

Joshi, A., & Hanssens, D. M. (2010). The direct and indirect effects of advertising spending on firm value. Journal of Marketing, 74(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.74.1.20

Keller, K. L. (1998). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. New Jersey.

Kitching, J. (1998). Investing in training and small firm growth and survival: An empirical analysis for the UK 1987–97. International Small Business Journal, 17(1), 110–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242698171007

Kotabe, M., Srinivasan, S. S., & Aulakh, P. S. (2002). Multinationality and firm performance: The moderating role of R&D and marketing capabilities. Journal of International Business Studies, 33, 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491006

Kozlenkova, I. V., Samaha, S. A., & Palmatier, R. W. (2014). Resource-based theory in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 42(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-013-0336-7

Kramer, J.-P., Marinelli, E., Iammarino, S., & Diez, J. R. (2011). Intangible assets as drivers of innovation: Empirical evidence on multinational enterprises in German and UK regional systems of innovation. Technovation, 31(9), 447–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2011.06.005

Krasnikov, A., & Jayachandran, S. (2008). The relative impact of marketing, research-and-development, and operations capabilities on firm performance. Journal of Marketing, 72(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.4.001

Laursen, K., & Foss, N. J. (2003). New human resource management practices, complementarities and the impact on innovation performance. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 27(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/27.2.243

Lawson, B., & Samson, D. (2001). Developing innovation capability in organisations: A dynamic capabilities approach. International Journal of Innovation Management, 5(03), 377–400. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919601000427

Lee, X., Xie, N., & Pang, L. (2008, July). Empirical analysis of R&D capability in China’s automotive firms. Paper presented at the PICMET 2008. Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering & Technology.

Leonard‐Barton, D. (1992). Core capabilities and core rigidities: A paradox in managing new product development. Strategic Management Journal, 13(S1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250131009

Long, C. P., Bendersky, C., & Morrill, C. (2011). Fairness monitoring: Linking managerial controls and fairness judgments in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 1045–1068. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0008

Lukas, B. A., & Bell, S. J. (2000). Strategic market position and R&D capability in global manufacturing industries: Implications for organizational learning and organizational memory. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(6), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(00)00129-2

Lynch, L. M., & Black, S. E. (1998). Beyond the incidence of employer-provided training. ILR Review, 52(1), 64–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399805200104

Mansfield, E. (1984). R&D and innovation: Some empirical findings R&D, patents, and productivity (pp. 127–154). University of Chicago Press.

Marlow, S., Patton, D., & Ram, M. (2004). Managing labour in small firms. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203495612

McAlister, L., Srinivasan, R., & Kim, M. (2007). Advertising, research and development, and systematic risk of the firm. Journal of Marketing, 71(1), 35–48.

McKee, D. O., Conant, J. S., Varadarajan, P. R., & Mokwa, M. P. (1992). Success-producer and failurepreventer marketing skills: A social learning theory interpretation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 20(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723472

Miles, S. J., & Van Clieaf, M. (2017). Strategic fit: Key to growing enterprise value through organizational capital. Business Horizons, 60(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.08.008

Montresor, S., & Vezzani, A. (2016). Intangible investments and innovation propensity: Evidence from the Innobarometer 2013. Industry and Innovation, 23(4), 331–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1151770

Morgan, N. A. (2012). Marketing and business performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0279-9

Motta, V. (2020). Lack of access to external finance and SME labor productivity: Does project quality matter? Small Business Economics, 54, 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0082-9

Mumford, M. D. (2000). Managing creative people: Strategies and tactics for innovation. Human Resource Management Review, 10(3), 313–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(99)00043-1

OECD. (2011). A new OECD project. New sources of growth: Intangible assets.

Oriani, R., & Sobrero, M. (2008). Uncertainty and the market valuation of R&D within a real options logic. Strategic Management Journal, 29(4), 343–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.664

Pauwels, K., Silva-Risso, J., Srinivasan, S., & Hanssens, D. M. (2004). New products, sales promotions, and firm value: The case of the automobile industry. Journal of Marketing, 68(4), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.68.4.142.42724

Peterson, R. A., & Jeong, J. (2010). Exploring the impact of advertising and R&D expenditures on corporate brand value and firm-level financial performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(6), 677–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-010-0188-3

Ployhart, R. E., Weekley, J. A., & Ramsey, J. (2009). The consequences of human resource stocks and flows: A longitudinal examination of unit service orientation and unit effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 52(5), 996–1015. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.44635041

Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: Technologies for analyzing industries and competitors. Free Press.

Quintana-García, C., & Benavides-Velasco, C. A. (2008). Innovative competence, exploration and exploitation: The influence of technological diversification. Research Policy, 37(3), 492–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.12.002

Reuber, A. R., & Fischer, E. (1999). Understanding the consequences of founders’ experience. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(2), 30–45.

Riley, S. M., Michael, S. C., & Mahoney, J. T. (2017). Human capital matters: Market valuation of firm investments in training and the role of complementary assets. Strategic Management Journal, 38(9), 1895–1914. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2631

Ruiqi, W., Wang, F., Xu, L., & Yuan, C. (2017). R&D expenditures, ultimate ownership and future performance: Evidence from China. Journal of Business Research, 71, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.10.018

Ruiz-Ortega, M. J., & García-Villaverde, P. M. (2008). Capabilities and competitive tactics influences on performance: Implications of the moment of entry. Journal of Business Research, 61(4), 332–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.029

Saridakis, G., Lai, Y., & Cooper, C. L. (2017). Exploring the relationship between HRM and firm performance: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Human Resource Management Review, 27(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.09.005

Saunila, M., & Ukko, J. (2014). Intangible aspects of innovation capability in SMEs: Impacts of size and industry. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 33, 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2014.02.002

Scherer, F. (1984). Innovation and growth: Schumpeterian perspectives. MIT Press.

Sher, P. J., & Yang, P. Y. (2005). The effects of innovative capabilities and R&D clustering on firm performance: The evidence of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry. Technovation, 25(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(03)00068-3

Sherman, R., & Hoffer, G. (1971). Does automobile style change payoff? Applied Economics, 3(3), 153– 165. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036847100000001

Shin, N., Kraemer, K. L., & Dedrick, J. (2017). R&D and firm performance in the semiconductor industry. Industry and Innovation, 24(3), 280–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1224708

Smith, D. J., Gradojevic, N., & Irwin, W. S. (2011). An analysis of brand equity determinants: Gross profit, advertising, research, and development. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 5(11). 103–116. https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v5i11.2607

Song, M., Di Benedetto, C. A., & Nason, R. W. (2007). Capabilities and financial performance: The moderating effect of strategic type. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 35(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-006-0005-1

Song, M., Droge, C., Hanvanich, S., & Calantone, R. (2005). Marketing and technology resource complementarity: An analysis of their interaction effect in two environmental contexts. Strategic Management Journal, 26(3), 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.450

Srinivasan, S., Pauwels, K., Silva-Risso, J., & Hanssens, D. M. (2009). Product innovations, advertising, and stock returns. Journal of Marketing, 73(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.1.024

Srivastava, R. K., & Shocker, A. D. (1991). Brand equity: A perspective on its meaning and measurement. Marketing Science Institute.

Subramaniam, M., & Youndt, M. A. (2005). The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 450–463. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.17407911

Teece, D. J. (1982). Towards an economic theory of the multiproduct firm. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 3(1), 39–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(82)90003-8

Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1319–1350. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.640

Thornhill, S., & Whilte, R. (2007). Strategic purity: A multi‐industry evaluation of pure vs. hybrid business strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 28(5), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.606

Torraco, R. J., & Swanson, R. A. (1995). The strategic roles of human resource development. People and Strategy, 18(4), 10–21. http://richardswanson.com/publications/Swanson(1995)TheStrategic.pdf

Tseng, M.-L. (2010). An assessment of cause and effect decision-making model for firm environmental knowledge management capacities in uncertainty. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 161(1), 549–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0767-2

Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.004

Van Ark, B., Hao, J. X., Corrado, C., & Hulten, C. (2009). Measuring intangible capital and its contribution to economic growth in Europe. EIB Papers, 14(1), 62–93.

Vorhies, D. W., & Morgan, N. A. (2003). A configuration theory assessment of marketing organization fit with business strategy and its relationship with marketing performance. Journal of Marketing, 67(1), 100–115. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.1.100.18588

Vorhies, D. W., Morgan, R. E., & Autry, C. W. (2009). Product‐market strategy and the marketing capabilities of the firm: Impact on market effectiveness and cash flow performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(12), 1310–1334. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.798

Wang, F., Zhang, X.-P. S., & Ouyang, M. (2009). Does advertising create sustained firm value? The capitalization of brand intangible. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 37(2), 130–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-008-0112-2

Wang, H.-M. D., & Sengupta, S. (2016). Stakeholder relationships, brand equity, firm performance: A resource-based perspective. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5561–5568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.05.009

Wang, Y., Du, R., Koong, K. S., & Fan, W. (2017). Effects of R&D policy choice on accounting performance and market value. R&D Management, 47(4), 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12225

Webster, E. (2000). The growth of enterprise intangible investment in Australia. Information Economics and Policy, 12(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6245(99)00024-4

Weerawardena, J. (2003). The role of marketing capability in innovation-based competitive strategy. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 11(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254032000096766

Yam, R. C., Guan, J. C., Pun, K. F., & Tang, E. P. (2004). An audit of technological innovation capabilities in Chinese firms: Some empirical findings in Beijing, China. Research Policy, 33(8), 1123–1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.05.004

Yin Wong, H., & Merrilees, B. (2008). The performance benefits of being brand-orientated. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 17(6), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420810904112

Yu, W., Ramanathan, R., & Nath, P. (2014). The impacts of marketing and operations capabilities on financial performance in the UK retail sector: A resource-based perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.07.014

Zhang, Y., & Liu, D. (2010, May). Public R&D Subsidies, Firm innovation and firm performance – Empirical evidence from listed companies in China’s SME board. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government. Guangzhou, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEE.2010.309