Historic and constructional aspects of stone schools in Greece: the case of the Aristotle Municipality in Chalkidiki
Abstract
Historic schools, built during the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, were evolved according to the wider socio-economic changes that took place at regional, national and international level. Their construction usually followed specific principles, governed by their functional role and structural safety requirements. In this study, the historical background of school buildings in Greece is given, in an effort to assess their evolution and physiognomy. To this direction, 14 historic school buildings, located in the Aristotle Municipality of Chalkidiki, N. Greece, were studied, taking into account their architectural and constructional characteristics. These buildings were erected from 1871 up to 1958 and are nowadays mostly used as elementary schools. In some cases, they are in second use or abandoned. They concerned 1 up to 3 storeys buildings, with rectangular ground plan, symmetrically organized around a main corridor. Their size and dimensions varied according to their capacity. From the beginning of the 30’s, supplementary elements of reinforced concrete (slabs, beams) were added, in combination with the existing building techniques. Nowadays, they are generally preserved in good state, due to the consecutive interventions taken place during their service life. However, their documentation and identification as heritage structures should be further assessed, in order to convey the tangible and intangible values they incorporate in the next generations.
Keyword : stone schools, educational centers, restoration, monuments, architectural heritage
How to Cite
Pachta, V. (2021). Historic and constructional aspects of stone schools in Greece: the case of the Aristotle Municipality in Chalkidiki. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 45(2), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2021.14185
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010001
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101448
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https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2013.865814
Arya, A. S. (1987). Protection of educational buildings against earthquakes, a manual for designers and builders (Educational Building Report No. 13). Bankok, Unesco.
Atkins, R. (1999). The repair and conversion of Norton Park School, Edinburgh: A sustainable future for a historic building. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 5(1), 7–23.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.1999.10785232
Augustinaitė, D. (2018). Challenges of innovative architecture: Education and practice. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 42(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2018.1989
Avrami, E., Mason, R., & de la Torre, M. (2000). Values and heritage conservation (Research Report). The Getty Conservation Institute.
Broekhuizen, D., Arkesteijn, M., De Jong, P., & van Nieuwamerongen, F. (2020). Conversion strategies for Dutch primary schools: Practice and refinement. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 44(1), 69–77.
https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2020.11448
Buvik, K., Andersen, G., & Tangen, S. (2014). Ambitious renovation of a historical school building in cold climate. Energy Procedia, 48, 1442–1448.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.163
Camacho-Montano, S. C., Cook, M., & Wagner, A. (2020). Avoiding overheating in existing school buildings through optimized passive measures. Building Research & Information, 48(4), 349–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2019.1663137
Carofilis, W., Perrone, D., O’Reilly, G. J., Monteiro, R., & Filiatrault, A. (2020). Seismic retrofit of existing school buildings in Italy: Performance evaluation and loss estimation. Engineering Structures, 225, 111243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111243
Dascalaki, E. G., & Sermpetzoglou, V. G. (2011). Energy performance and indoor environmental quality in Hellenic schools. Energy and Buildings, 43(2–3), 718–727.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.11.017
Douglas-Jones, R., Hughes J. J., Jones S., & Yarrow, T. (2016). Science, value and material decay in the conservation of historic environments. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 21, 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2016.03.007
Doukas, D. I., & Bruce, T. (2017). Energy audit and renewable integration for historic buildings: The case of Craiglockhart Primary School. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 38, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.081
François, L. (1968). The right to education: From proclamation to achievement 1948-1968. Unesco.
Freeman, K. J. (1912). Schools of Hellas: An essay on the practice and theory of ancient Greek education from 600 to 300 B.C. (M. J. Rendall, Ed.). Macmillan and Co Limited.
Galimullina, A., & Korotkova, S. (2020). Adapting the architecture of school buildings in the context of humanizing the environment. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 890, 012008.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/890/1/012008
García, I. (2020). Repurposing a historic school building as a teacher’s village: Exploring the connection between school closures, housing affordability, and community goals in a gentrifying neighbourhood. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 13(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2019.1626265
Guarini, M. R., Morano, P., & Sica, F. (2020). Historical school buildings. A multi-criteria approach for urban sustainable projects. Sustainability, 12, 1076.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031076
Hellenic Polytechnic Society. (1906). The Paris Conference on the hygiene of buildings. The Greek measures for the hygiene of school buildings. Archimedes, 2, 13–18 (in Greek).
Kalafati, E. (1988). The school buildings of the elementary education 1821-1929. In Historic archives of Greek youth. General Secretariat for Youth (in Greek).
Karantinos, P. (1938). The new school buildings. Technical Chamber of Greece (in Greek).
Kardamitsi-Adami, M. D. (1986). Kallias and the school building. National Technical University of Athens (in Greek).
Khledj, S., & Bencheikh, H. (2021). Impact of a retrofitting project on thermal comfort and energy efficiency of a historic school in Miliana, Algeria. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15(3), 407–425.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1621960
Kokkonis, I. P. (1831). Summary of the report given to the commission on primary instruction concerning the manual for the mutual-method schools of France (J. Sarazin, Ed.). Egina (in Greek).
Lampadarios, E. (1928). School hygiene (2nd ed.). Sfendonis Publishers (in Greek).
Lassandro, P., Cosola T., & Tundo, A. (2015). School building heritage: energy efficiency, thermal and lighting comfort evaluation via virtual tour. Energy Procedia, 78, 3168–3173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.775
Lee, J., Kim, J., Ahn, J., & Woo, W. (2019). Context-aware risk management for architectural heritage using historic building information modeling and virtual reality. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 38, 242–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.12.010
Lerma, C., Mas, A., & Blasco, V. (2013). Analysis procedure of a previous planning organization: The area of the Seminary School of Corpus Christi in Valencia, Spain. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 7(2), 135–152.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2011.624252
Martinez-Molina, A., Boarin, P., Tort-Ausina, I., & Vivancos, J. L. (2017). Post-occupancy evaluation of a historic primary school in Spain: Comparing PMV, TSV and PD for teachers’ and pupils’ thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 117, 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.03.010
Moraitis, S. (1880). Educational method: Instructions for the use of the new educational method (Vlastou ed.). Library of the Association for the Diffusion of Greek Letters, Association for the Dissemination of Greek Letters, Athens (in Greek).
Pachta, V., & Papayianni, I. (2016). Design and application of a data system for the comparative study of historic mortars. In Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 10058. Digital heritage. Progress in cultural heritage: Documentation, preservation, and protection (pp. 701–710). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48496-9_56
Pachta, V., & Papayianni, I. (2017). The study of the historic buildings of Eclecticism in Thessaloniki under the prism of sustainability. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 38, 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.078
Pachta, V., & Papayianni, I. (2019). Study of the building materials and techniques of mixed-type structures from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. In 10th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards and Sustainable Preservation (pp. 407–413). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78093-1_43
Pachta, V., Terzi, V., & Malandri, E. (2021). Architectural, constructional and structural aspects of a historic school in Greece. The case of the elementary school in Arnaia, Chalkidiki. Heritage, 4, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010001
Pantazis, C. (2010). Mass education and economic development in Greece: The educational reform of 1929 [Dissertation, University of Ioannina]. Department of Early Childhood Education, Ioannina (in Greek).
Papayianni, I., Pachta, V., & Milosi, A. (2016). The survey of a historical building from the beginning of the previous century. Evaluation of mechanical characteristics of the load bearing system. In Concrete Solutions – Proceedings of Concrete Solutions, 6th International Conference on Concrete Repair (pp. 353–360). Thessaloniki.
Perrone, D., O’Reilly, G. J., Monteiro, R., & Filiatrault, A. (2020). Assessing seismic risk in typical Italian school buildings: From in-situ survey to loss estimation. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 44, 101448.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101448
Tipei, A. R. (2017). How to make friends and influence people: Elementary education, French “influence,” and the Balkans, 1815-1830s. Modern Intellectual History, 15(3), 621–649. https://doi.org/10.1017/S147924431700018X
United Nations General Assembly. (1948, December 10). Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (General Assembly resolution 217 A). Paris.
Watters, D. M. (2020). Our Catholic school: themes and patterns in early Catholic school buildings and architecture before 1872. The Innes Review, 71(1), 1–66. https://doi.org/10.3366/inr.2020.0244