What hinders the development of Chinese continuing care retirement community sector? A news coverage analysis
Abstract
The continuing care retirement community (CCRC) is an emerging institutional living arrangement for the increasing number of older Chinese and has attracted a variety of investors from different sectors in China. However, the development of this sector is still in its infancy and encounters various barriers. This paper aims to explore what hinders the development of the Chinese CCRC industry based on a comprehensive content analysis of news coverage retrieved from 14 major Chinese portal websites. Twenty-one barriers are identified, and they are closely related to the development and operation of CCRCs, government policies and industry management, and potential and current customers. Of all the barriers, the high risks involved in the delivery of CCRCs, lack of policy support, and affordability issue are the most frequently mentioned barriers relating to CCRC development and operation, government policies and industry management, and customers, respectively. These identified barriers call for close collaboration cross various CCRC stakeholders in order to ensure healthy development of the Chinese CCRC industry in the future. This study systemically explores the barriers hindering the development of the burgeoning Chinese CCRC sector, and its findings will benefit CCRC stakeholders and the Chinese CCRC industry in a number of ways.
Keyword : continuing care retirement community, barriers, news coverage, content analysis, China
How to Cite
Hu, X., Xia, B., Hu, Y., Skitmore, M., & Buys, L. (2019). What hinders the development of Chinese continuing care retirement community sector? A news coverage analysis. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 23(2), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2019.7436
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Hu, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., & Buys, L. (2018). Providing a sustainable living environment in not-for-profit retirement villages: a case study in Australia. Facilities, 36(5/6), 272-290. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-02-2017-0013
Hu, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., Buys, L., & Hu, Y. (2017a). What is a sustainable retirement village? Perceptions of Australian developers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.227
Hu, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., Buys, L., & Zuo, J. (2017b). Retirement villages in Australia: a literature review. Pacific Rim Property Research Journal, 23(1), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/14445921.2017.1298949
Jenkins, K. R., Pienta, A. M., & Horgas, A. L. (2002). Activity and health-related quality of life in continuing care retirement communities. Research on Aging, 24(1), 124-149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027503024001008
Jowkar, A., & Didegah, F. (2010). Evaluating Iranian newspapers’ web sites using correspondence analysis. Library Hi Tech, 28(1), 119-130. https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831011026733
Krout, J. A., Moen, P., Holmes, H. H., Oggins, J., & Bowen, N. (2002). Reasons for relocation to a continuing care retirement community. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21(2), 236-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/07364802021002007
Landriscina, M. (2012). Framing inflation and investment: the New York Times and the cultural context of a local housing market. Qualitative Sociology, 35(3), 271-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-012-9230-8
Laplume, A. O., Sonpar, K., & Litz, R. A. (2008). Stakeholder theory: reviewing a theory that moves us. Journal of Management, 34(6), 1152-1189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308324322
Li, L. W., Zhang, J., & Liang, J. (2009). Health among the oldest-old in China: which living arrangements make a difference? Social Science & Medicine, 68(2), 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.013
Lichtenstein, D. R., Ridgway, N. M., & Netemeyer, R. G. (1993). Price perceptions and consumer shopping behavior: a field study. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(2), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172830
Lin, W. (2014). Challenges of long-term care provisions for the elderly in urban China. China: an International Journal, 12(2), 144-160.
Mao, W., & Chi, I. (2011). Filial piety of children as perceived by aging parents in China. International Journal of Social Welfare, 20(s1), S99-S108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2011.00826.x
Mao, Z., Sun, W., & Hong, T. (2013). Comparative analysis on the relationship between population age structure and household consumption in China. Population Research, 37(3), 82-92.
Martins, N., Weaver, A. J., Yeshua‐Katz, D., Lewis, N. H., Tyree, N. E., & Jensen, J. D. (2013). A content analysis of print news coverage of media violence and aggression research. Journal of Communication, 63(6), 1070-1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12052
McCort, D. J., & Malhotra, N. K. (1993). Culture and consumer behavior: toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in international marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 6(2), 91-127. https://doi.org/10.1300/J046v06n02_07
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Michael, Y. L., Berkman, L. F., Colditz, G. A., & Kawachi, I. (2001). Living arrangements, social integration, and change in functional health status. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(2), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2013.779652
Moen, P., & Erickson, M. A. (2001). Chapter 3 Decision-making and satisfaction with a continuing care retirement community. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 14(1-2), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1300/J081v14n01_03
Munro, M. (2018). House price inflation in the news: a critical discourse analysis of newspaper coverage in the UK. Housing Studies, 3(7), 1085-1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2017.1421911
Pudong Government. (2013). The investigation report about the living conditions of senior citizen families in Qudong Xinqu. Retrieved from http://www.pudong.gov.cn/shpd/InfoOpen/Detail.aspx?Id=460407
Qu, M., Tahvanainen, L., Ahponen, P., & Pelkonen, P. (2009). Bio-energy in China: content analysis of news articles on Chinese professional internet platforms. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2300-2309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.024
Quine, S., & Carter, S. (2006). Australian baby boomers’ expectations and plans for their old age. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 25(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2006.00147.x
Raz, T., & Michael, E. (2001). Use and benefits of tools for project risk management. International Journal of Project Management, 19(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00036-8
Ren, Q., & Treiman, D. J. (2015). Living arrangements of the elderly in China and consequences for their emotional well-being. Chinese Sociological Review, 47(3), 255-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2015.1032162
Research Center of Wis Capital Group. (2010). Basic research about the retirement housing industry. Retrieved from http://www.wis.org.cn
Silverstein, M., Cong, Z., & Li, S. (2006). Intergenerational transfers and living arrangements of older people in rural China: consequences for psychological well-being. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(5), S256-S266. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.5.S256
Simpson, M., & Cheney, G. (2007). Marketization, participation, and communication within New Zealand retirement villages: a critical–rhetorical and discursive analysis. Discourse and Communication, 1(2), 191-222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481307076006
Society of Professional Journalists. (2015). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.spj.org/pdf/spj-code-of-ethics.pdf
State Council. (2013). Several opinions of the state council in accelerating the development of senior service industry. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-09/13/content_2487704.htm
United Nations. (2015). Population ageing and development database 2014. Retrieved from https://esa.un.org/unpd/popdev/agedevdb/agedevdb2014.aspx
Wu, B., Carter, M. W., Goins R. T., & Cheng, C. (2005). Emerging services for community-based long-term care in urban China: a systematic analysis of Shanghai’s community-based agencies. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 17(4), 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1300/J031v17n04_03
Xie, L. Q., Zhang, J. P., Peng, F., & Jiao, N. N. (2010). Prevalence and related influencing factors of depressive symptoms for empty-nest elderly living in the rural area of YongZhou, China. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2009.01.003
Ye, M., & Chen, Y. (2014). The influence of domestic living arrangement and neighborhood identity on mental health among urban Chinese elders. Aging & Mental Health, 18(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.837142
Zhan, H. J., Liu, G., & Guan, X. (2006). Willingness and availability: explaining new attitudes toward institutional elder care among Chinese elderly parents and their adult children. Journal of Aging Studies, 20(3), 279-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2005.09.006
Zhan, H. J., Liu, G., Guan, X., & Bai, H. G. (2002). Recent developments in institutional elder care in China: changing concepts and attitudes. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 18(2), 85-108. https://doi.org/10.1300/J031v18n02_06
Zhong, Y., & Wu, P. (2015). Economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and constructability indicators related to concrete- and steel-projects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 748-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.095
Zuo, J., Xia, B., Barker, J., & Skitmore, M. (2014). Green buildings for greying people: a case study of a retirement village in Australia. Facilities, 32(7-8), 365-381. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-08-2011-0060
An, S. K., & Gower, K. K. (2009). How do the news media frame crises? A content analysis of crisis news coverage. Public Relations Review, 35(2), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.010
Atkin, C. K., Smith, S. W., McFeters, C., & Ferguson, V. (2008). A comprehensive analysis of breast cancer news coverage in leading media outlets focusing on environmental risks and prevention. Journal of Health Communication, 13(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730701806912
Calloway, C., Jorgensen, C. M., Saraiya, M., & Tsui, J. (2006). A content analysis of news coverage of the HPV vaccine by US newspapers, January 2002-June 2005. Journal of Women’s Health, 15(7), 803-809. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2006.15.803
Campbell, N. (2015). Designing for social needs to support aging in place within continuing care retirement communities. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 30(4), 645-665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-015-9437-6
Carstens, D. Y. (1993). Site planning and design for the elderly: issues, guidelines, and alternatives. John Wiley & Sons.
Chen, Q., Jin, Z., Xia, B., Wu, P., & Skitmore, M. (2015). Time and cost performance of design–build projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(2), 04015074. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001056
Chong, H. Y., Lee, C. Y., & Wang, X. (2017). A mixed review of the adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142(4), 4114-4126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.222
Chou, R. J. A. (2010). Willingness to live in eldercare institutions among older adults in urban and rural China: a nationwide study. Ageing and Society, 30(4), 583-608. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X09990596
Chu, L. W., & Chi, I. (2008). Nursing homes in China. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9(4), 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.01.008
Colliers International. (2015). Twilight China: opportunites for the development of the senior housing market. Retrieved from http://www.colliers.com/-/media/808967CD8BA142C390197549CD7B68C4.ashx?la=zh-CN
Deloitte. (2014). The aged house for elderly Chinese: current and future development. Retrieved from http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/life-sciences-health-care/deloitte-cn-lshc-seniorhousing-zh-240914.pdf
Downe-Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 1(3), 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
Evans, S. (2009). ‘That lot up there and us down here’: social interaction and a sense of community in a mixed tenure UK retirement village. Ageing and Society, 29(2), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X08007678
Feng, Z., Zhan, H. J., Feng, X., Liu, C., Sun, M., & Mor, V. (2011). An industry in the making: the emergence of institutional elder care in urban China. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(4), 738-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03330.x
Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nurisng research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001
Great Wall Securities. (2014). Senior housing: market, pattern and future. Retrieved from http://www.wisburg.com
Guotai Junan Securities. (2013). The huge market of the senior housing and the slight effects of housing-for-pension program. Retrieved from http://www.wisburg.com
Hu, X., Xia, B., Buys, L., Skitmore, M., Kennedy, R., & Drogemuller, R. (2015a). Stakeholder analysis of a retirement village development in Australia: insights from an interdisciplinary workshop. International Journal of Construction Management, 15(4), 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2015.1094848
Hu, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., & Buys, L. (2015b). Conceptualizing sustainable retirement villages in Australia. In A. B. Raidén & E. Aboagye-Nimo (Eds.), Proceedings 31st Annual ARCOM Conference, Lincoln, UK, 7-9 September 2015 (pp. 357-366). Association of Reserachers in Construction Management.
Hu, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., & Buys, L. (2018). Providing a sustainable living environment in not-for-profit retirement villages: a case study in Australia. Facilities, 36(5/6), 272-290. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-02-2017-0013
Hu, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., Buys, L., & Hu, Y. (2017a). What is a sustainable retirement village? Perceptions of Australian developers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.227
Hu, X., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., Buys, L., & Zuo, J. (2017b). Retirement villages in Australia: a literature review. Pacific Rim Property Research Journal, 23(1), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/14445921.2017.1298949
Jenkins, K. R., Pienta, A. M., & Horgas, A. L. (2002). Activity and health-related quality of life in continuing care retirement communities. Research on Aging, 24(1), 124-149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027503024001008
Jowkar, A., & Didegah, F. (2010). Evaluating Iranian newspapers’ web sites using correspondence analysis. Library Hi Tech, 28(1), 119-130. https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831011026733
Krout, J. A., Moen, P., Holmes, H. H., Oggins, J., & Bowen, N. (2002). Reasons for relocation to a continuing care retirement community. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21(2), 236-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/07364802021002007
Landriscina, M. (2012). Framing inflation and investment: the New York Times and the cultural context of a local housing market. Qualitative Sociology, 35(3), 271-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-012-9230-8
Laplume, A. O., Sonpar, K., & Litz, R. A. (2008). Stakeholder theory: reviewing a theory that moves us. Journal of Management, 34(6), 1152-1189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308324322
Li, L. W., Zhang, J., & Liang, J. (2009). Health among the oldest-old in China: which living arrangements make a difference? Social Science & Medicine, 68(2), 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.013
Lichtenstein, D. R., Ridgway, N. M., & Netemeyer, R. G. (1993). Price perceptions and consumer shopping behavior: a field study. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(2), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172830
Lin, W. (2014). Challenges of long-term care provisions for the elderly in urban China. China: an International Journal, 12(2), 144-160.
Mao, W., & Chi, I. (2011). Filial piety of children as perceived by aging parents in China. International Journal of Social Welfare, 20(s1), S99-S108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2011.00826.x
Mao, Z., Sun, W., & Hong, T. (2013). Comparative analysis on the relationship between population age structure and household consumption in China. Population Research, 37(3), 82-92.
Martins, N., Weaver, A. J., Yeshua‐Katz, D., Lewis, N. H., Tyree, N. E., & Jensen, J. D. (2013). A content analysis of print news coverage of media violence and aggression research. Journal of Communication, 63(6), 1070-1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12052
McCort, D. J., & Malhotra, N. K. (1993). Culture and consumer behavior: toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in international marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 6(2), 91-127. https://doi.org/10.1300/J046v06n02_07
Mercille, J. (2014). The role of the media in sustaining Ireland’s housing bubble. New Political Economy, 19(2), 282-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2013.779652
Michael, Y. L., Berkman, L. F., Colditz, G. A., & Kawachi, I. (2001). Living arrangements, social integration, and change in functional health status. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(2), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2013.779652
Moen, P., & Erickson, M. A. (2001). Chapter 3 Decision-making and satisfaction with a continuing care retirement community. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 14(1-2), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1300/J081v14n01_03
Munro, M. (2018). House price inflation in the news: a critical discourse analysis of newspaper coverage in the UK. Housing Studies, 3(7), 1085-1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2017.1421911
Pudong Government. (2013). The investigation report about the living conditions of senior citizen families in Qudong Xinqu. Retrieved from http://www.pudong.gov.cn/shpd/InfoOpen/Detail.aspx?Id=460407
Qu, M., Tahvanainen, L., Ahponen, P., & Pelkonen, P. (2009). Bio-energy in China: content analysis of news articles on Chinese professional internet platforms. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2300-2309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.024
Quine, S., & Carter, S. (2006). Australian baby boomers’ expectations and plans for their old age. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 25(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2006.00147.x
Raz, T., & Michael, E. (2001). Use and benefits of tools for project risk management. International Journal of Project Management, 19(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00036-8
Ren, Q., & Treiman, D. J. (2015). Living arrangements of the elderly in China and consequences for their emotional well-being. Chinese Sociological Review, 47(3), 255-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2015.1032162
Research Center of Wis Capital Group. (2010). Basic research about the retirement housing industry. Retrieved from http://www.wis.org.cn
Silverstein, M., Cong, Z., & Li, S. (2006). Intergenerational transfers and living arrangements of older people in rural China: consequences for psychological well-being. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(5), S256-S266. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.5.S256
Simpson, M., & Cheney, G. (2007). Marketization, participation, and communication within New Zealand retirement villages: a critical–rhetorical and discursive analysis. Discourse and Communication, 1(2), 191-222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481307076006
Society of Professional Journalists. (2015). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.spj.org/pdf/spj-code-of-ethics.pdf
State Council. (2013). Several opinions of the state council in accelerating the development of senior service industry. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-09/13/content_2487704.htm
United Nations. (2015). Population ageing and development database 2014. Retrieved from https://esa.un.org/unpd/popdev/agedevdb/agedevdb2014.aspx
Wu, B., Carter, M. W., Goins R. T., & Cheng, C. (2005). Emerging services for community-based long-term care in urban China: a systematic analysis of Shanghai’s community-based agencies. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 17(4), 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1300/J031v17n04_03
Xie, L. Q., Zhang, J. P., Peng, F., & Jiao, N. N. (2010). Prevalence and related influencing factors of depressive symptoms for empty-nest elderly living in the rural area of YongZhou, China. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2009.01.003
Ye, M., & Chen, Y. (2014). The influence of domestic living arrangement and neighborhood identity on mental health among urban Chinese elders. Aging & Mental Health, 18(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.837142
Zhan, H. J., Liu, G., & Guan, X. (2006). Willingness and availability: explaining new attitudes toward institutional elder care among Chinese elderly parents and their adult children. Journal of Aging Studies, 20(3), 279-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2005.09.006
Zhan, H. J., Liu, G., Guan, X., & Bai, H. G. (2002). Recent developments in institutional elder care in China: changing concepts and attitudes. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 18(2), 85-108. https://doi.org/10.1300/J031v18n02_06
Zhong, Y., & Wu, P. (2015). Economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and constructability indicators related to concrete- and steel-projects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 748-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.095
Zuo, J., Xia, B., Barker, J., & Skitmore, M. (2014). Green buildings for greying people: a case study of a retirement village in Australia. Facilities, 32(7-8), 365-381. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-08-2011-0060