Development drivers for urban regeneration and livability in worn-out neighborhoods
Abstract
Development driver projects are recognized as tools for revitalizing and regenerating worn-out urban fabrics. Recent studies emphasize the importance of development driver projects for regeneration across three scales: macro, medium, and micro. However, research has lacked an examination of the impact of indicators at all three scales. To fill this research gap, the present study investigates the effect of development driver indicators on the regeneration of the worn-out fabric of Semnan, one of Iran’s historic and significant cities. This research initially identifies 16 indicators across the three scales. Data were collected from 385 residents and analyzed using the Phi coefficient and structural equation modeling. The results of the Phi test indicated that development projects could act as “nuclei for urban transformation of the worn-out fabric of Semnan”. Furthermore, the structural equation modeling analysis revealed that development driver indicators at the macro scale, such as parks (0.71) and landscape design (0.66), have a significant impact on regeneration. This study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to regeneration and suggests that active stakeholder participation in various stages of regeneration is essential. The findings of this study can serve as guidance for policymakers and urban planners in Iran and other countries.
Keyword : worn-out issue, regeneration, development drivers, livability, urban development, neighborhood
How to Cite
Hedayatnezhad Kashi, S. M., Hashemkhani Zolfani, S., Ghane, M., Antuchevičienė, J., & Trinkūnas, V. (2025). Development drivers for urban regeneration and livability in worn-out neighborhoods. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 29(2), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2025.23585
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Aitani, K., & Sathaye, V. (2018, April). New York high line as urban catalyst: Impact to neighbourhood. In 24th ISUF International Conference: City and Territory in the Globalization Age (pp. 1665–1672). Valencia, Spain. https://doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.5882
Aitani, K. (2017). The idea stores as urban catalyst to uplift the life of residents in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. In Seoul World Architects Congress (pp. 1–9). Seoul, South Korea.
Arman Shahr Consulting Engineers. (2015). Comprehensive plan of Semnan city. Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran.
Attoe, W., & Logan, D. (1989). American urban architecture: Catalysts in the design of cities (2nd ed.). University of California Press.
Awad, J., & Jung, C. (2022). Extracting the planning elements for sustainable urban regeneration in Dubai with AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, Article 103496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103496
Berthold, S. (2015). Urban catalysts protagonists of urban transformation in Bangkok’s neighbourhoods. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 26(1), 100–111.
Bohannon, C. L. (2004). The urban catalyst concept [Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech]. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/items/019e4d9d-0dac-467c-b545-c15323402091
Branco, R., Canelas, P., & Alves, S. (2024). The governance of urban regeneration in Lisbon: Drivers of continuity and change. Cities, 154, Article 105324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105324
Chen, M., Chen, L., Zhou, Y., Hu, M., Jiang, Y., Huang, D., Gong, D., & Xian, Y. (2023). Rising vulnerability of compound risk inequality to ageing and extreme heatwave exposure in global cities. Npj Urban Sustainability, 3(1), Article 38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-023-00118-9
Chen, X., Zhu, H., & Yuan, Z. (2020). Contested memory amidst rapid urban transition: The cultural politics of urban regeneration in Guangzhou, China. Cities, 102, Article 102755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102755
Colorni, A., Ferretti, V., Luè, A., Oppio, A., Paruscio, V., & Tomasini, L. (2017, July 3–6). Rethinking feasibility analysis for urban development: A multidimensional decision support tool. In Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 10406. Computational science and its applications – ICCSA 2017 (pp. 624–638). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62398-6_44
Della Lucia, M., Trunfio, M., & Go, F. M. (2017). Heritage and urban regeneration: Towards creative tourism. In N. Bellini & C. Pasquinelli (Eds.), Tourism in the city. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26877-4_12
Della Spina, L. (2019). Multidimensional assessment for “culture-led” and “community-driven” urban regeneration as driver for trigger economic vitality in urban historic centers. Sustainability, 11(24), Article 7237. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247237
Dipace, R. (2014). La rigenerazione urbana tra programmazione e pianificazione. In Rivista giuridica dell’edilizia (Vol. 5, pp. 237–260). Giuffrè Editore.
Dixon, T. J. (2005). The role of retailing in urban regeneration. Local Economy, 20(2), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575270500053266
Doucet, B. (2007, September 12–14). Flagship regeneration: Panacea or urban problem. In EURA Conference: The Vital City (pp. 1–27). Glasgow, Scotland.
Dubey, D. P. (2024). Changing variation in the study of social exclusion in Indian society. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 30(5), 4694–4700. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i5.3690
Ekemode, B. G. (2020). Impact of urban regeneration on commercial property values in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(4), 557–571. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-04-2019-0059
Falanga, R., & Nunes, M. C. (2021). Tackling urban disparities through participatory culture-led urban regeneration. Insights from Lisbon. Land Use Policy, 108, Article 105478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105478
Ferilli, G., Sacco, P. L., Tavano Blessi, G., & Forbici, S. (2017). Power to the people: When culture works as a social catalyst in urban regeneration processes (and when it does not). European Planning Studies, 25(2), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1259397
Francin, K. I. (2015). Urban catalyst. McGill University.
Gökşin, A., & Müderrisoğlu, B. (2005). Urban regeneration: A comprehensive strategy for creating spaces for innovative economies. In 41st ISoCaRP Congress (pp. 1–14). İstanbul.
Hanberry, B. B. (2022). Global population densities, climate change, and the maximum monthly temperature threshold as a potential tipping point for high urban densities. Ecological Indicators, 135, Article 108512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108512
Hasanzade Tavakoli, S., Zand Moghadam, M., & Korkebadadi, Z. (2020). Estimation of worn-out texture resilience to natural hazards by fuzzy demilitarization and fuzzy ANP (case study: Urban texture of Semnan city). Sustainable City, 2(4), 83–99.
Hashemkhani Zolfani, S., Hedayatnezhad Kashi, S. M., & Antuchevičienė, J. (2024). Livability and futures studies of worn-out urban textures: Scenario analysis for evaluating the livability system and achieving sustainability. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 28(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2024.21341
He, C., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Pan, X., Fang, Z., Li, J., & Bryan, B. A. (2021). Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions. Nature Communications, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25026-3
Heesche, J., Braae, E. M., & Jørgensen, G. (2022). Landscape-based transformation of young industrial landscapes. Land, 11(6), Article 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060908
Hlaváček, A., Farka, Z., Hübner, M., Horňáková, V., Němeček, D., Niessner, R., Skládal, P., Knopp, D., & Gorris, H. H. (2016). Competitive upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay for the sensitive detection of diclofenac. Analytical Chemistry, 88(11), 6011–6017. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01083
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989X.3.4.424
Kana, K. (2012). An experiment in urban regeneration using culture and art in Senba, Osaka’s historic urban center, with a focus on the regeneration of urban space. City, Culture and Society, 3(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2012.06.006
Korkehabadi, Z., Seyed Alian, E., & Abdi, K. (2019). Evaluation of environmental indicators affecting citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban living environment (case study: Semnan). Geographical Planning of Space, 9(32), 233–248.
Kim, J. Y. (2015). Urban regeneration utilizing art: A case study of the Samlye Art Village, Korea. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, 10(11), 337–342. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2015.10.11.32
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.) The Guliford Press.
Klingmann, A. (2023). Rescripting Riyadh: How the capital of Saudi Arabia employs urban megaprojects as catalysts to enhance the quality of life within the city’s neighborhoods. Journal of Place Management and Development, 16(1), 45–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-06-2021-0062
Kula, S. (2011). Occupational stress and work-related wellbeing of Turkish national police (TNP) members [Doctoral thesis, University of Central Florida]. Orlando, Florida.
Lees, L., & Melhuish, C. (2015). Arts-led regeneration in the UK: The rhetoric and the evidence on urban social inclusion. European Urban and Regional Studies, 22(3), 242–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776412467474
Li, W. (2023). Sustainable development of anti-Japanese war heritage in the central urban area of Chongqing based on urban catalyst theory. International Journal of Social Science and Education Research, 6(4), 146–151.
McIntosh, C. (2007). Rethinking fit assessment in structural equation modeling: A commentary and elaboration on Barrett (2007). Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 859–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.020
Mehan, A. (2016). Urban regeneration: A comprehensive strategy for achieving social sustainability in historical squares. In Sgem international multidisciplinary scientific conference on social sciences and arts (Vol. 2, pp. 863–867). Sofia, Bulgaria.
Mirzakhani, A., Turró, M., & Jalilisadrabad, S. (2021). Key stakeholders and operation processes in the regeneration of historical urban fabrics in Iran. Cities, 118, Article 103362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103362
Mohammadi, H., & Fakharzadeh, Z. (2022). Investigating the role of the flagship projects in regeneration of urban deteriorated areas based on an analytical comparison of Goudal-e Mosala and Sheykhdad neighborhoods. The Journal of Urban Research, 1, 31–48.
Morano, P., & Tajani, F. (2018). Saving soil and financial feasibility. A model to support public-private partnerships in the regeneration of abandoned areas. Land Use Policy, 73, 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.01.036
Nesticò, A., Elia, C., & Naddeo, V. (2020). Sustainability of urban regeneration projects: Novel selection model based on analytic network process and zero-one goal programming. Land Use Policy, 99, Article 104831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104831
Ovwigho, B. O. (2013). Empirical demonstration of techniques for computing the discrimination power of a dichotomous item response test. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 3(2), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0321217
Palermo, L. (2014). The role of art in urban gentrification and regeneration: Aesthetic, social and economic developments. Il Capitale Culturale: Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage, 10, 521–545.
Paul, A., & Sen, J. (2020). A critical review of liveability approaches and their dimensions. Geoforum, 117, 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.008
Pourzakarya, M., & Bahramjerdi, S. F. N. (2019). Towards developing a cultural and creative quarter: Culture-led regeneration of the historical district of Rasht Great Bazaar, Iran. Land Use Policy, 89, Article 104218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104218
Salehi, S. S., & Jafari, F. (2024). Evaluation of the worn texture of the region 4 in Tabriz, Iran, with an emphasis on increasing populatability. Advanced Engineering Science, 4, 25–34.
Samara, A. (2020). Industrial heritage as a catalyst for urban regeneration in Thessaloniki [Doctoral dissertation, University of Lincoln]. https://doi.org/10.24385/lincoln.24326221.v1
Sarkheyli, E., & Zakerhaghighi, K. (2021). Identification, dimension and evaluation of catalytic projects in Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, 6(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v6i1.790
Sarvari, H., Mehrabi, A., Chan, D. W., & Cristofaro, M. (2021). Evaluating urban housing development patterns in developing countries: Case study of worn-out urban fabrics in Iran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, Article 102941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102941
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
Sharma, M., & Abhay, R. K. (2022). Urban growth and quality of life: Inter-district and intra-district analysis of housing in NCT-Delhi, 2001–2011–2020. GeoJournal, 87(Suppl. 4), 797–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10570-8
Shemirani, S. M. M., Alalhesabi, M., & Zolfigol, S. (2021, February). A comparative study of catalyst projects in urban centres: Imam Square in Hamedan. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1067(1), Article 012072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012072
Shen, L. (2013). The research and application of urban catalyst theory in revitalization historic urban quarters redesign Nanbuting District in Nanjing, China [Master’s thesis]. Blekinge Institute of Technology, School of Planning and Media Design.
Shen, T., Yao, X., & Wen, F. (2021). The Urban Regeneration Engine Model: An analytical framework and case study of the renewal of old communities. Land Use Policy, 108, Article 105571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105571
Statistical Center of Iran. (2019). Statistical yearbook of Semnan province. Statistical Center of Iran.
Stein, C. M., Morris, N. J., Hall, N. B., & Nock, N. L. (2017). Structural equation modeling. In R. Elston (Ed.), Statistical human genetics. Methods in molecular biology (Vol. 1666). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7274-6_28
Sukovata, V. (2022). Demolition of monuments as a phenomenon of culture in global and local contexts: Iconoclasm, ‘new barbarity’, or a utopia of memory? Studies on National Movements, 10(1), 44–73. https://doi.org/10.21825/snm.85741
Sun, M., & Chen, C. (2023). Renovation of industrial heritage sites and sustainable urban regeneration in post-industrial Shanghai. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(4), 729–752. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1881404
Temelová, J. (2007). Flagship developments and the physical upgrading of the post‐socialist inner city: The golden angel project in Prague. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 89(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0467.2007.00246.x
Tihanyi, L. (2016). Organizational learning and international management: The contributions of Marjorie A. Lyles. In Global entrepreneurship: Past, present & future (Vol. 29, pp. 19–25). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1571-502720160000029003
Ting, C.-T., Hsieh, C.-M., Chang, H.-P., & Chen, H.-S. (2019). Environmental consciousness and green customer behavior: The moderating roles of incentive mechanisms. Sustainability, 11(3), Article 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030819
Vafaei, A. (2020). Explaining the contexts of achieving sustainability in old and worn textures with integrated urban regeneration approach; case study: The old texture of Kashan. Iranian Islamic City Studies, 11(41), 55–68.
Wang, N. (2022). Research on the design of old building reconstruction from the perspective of urban catalyst theory. World Scientific Research Journal, 8(9), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2022757
Yadav, V., & Ghosh, S. K. (2019). Assessment and prediction of urban growth for a mega-city using CA-Markov model. Geocarto International, 36(17), 1960–1992. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2019.1690054
Zheng, J. (2017). Contextualizing public art production in China: The urban sculpture planning system in Shanghai. Geoforum, 82, 89–01. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.03.024
Aitani, K. (2017). The idea stores as urban catalyst to uplift the life of residents in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. In Seoul World Architects Congress (pp. 1–9). Seoul, South Korea.
Arman Shahr Consulting Engineers. (2015). Comprehensive plan of Semnan city. Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran.
Attoe, W., & Logan, D. (1989). American urban architecture: Catalysts in the design of cities (2nd ed.). University of California Press.
Awad, J., & Jung, C. (2022). Extracting the planning elements for sustainable urban regeneration in Dubai with AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, Article 103496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103496
Berthold, S. (2015). Urban catalysts protagonists of urban transformation in Bangkok’s neighbourhoods. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 26(1), 100–111.
Bohannon, C. L. (2004). The urban catalyst concept [Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech]. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/items/019e4d9d-0dac-467c-b545-c15323402091
Branco, R., Canelas, P., & Alves, S. (2024). The governance of urban regeneration in Lisbon: Drivers of continuity and change. Cities, 154, Article 105324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105324
Chen, M., Chen, L., Zhou, Y., Hu, M., Jiang, Y., Huang, D., Gong, D., & Xian, Y. (2023). Rising vulnerability of compound risk inequality to ageing and extreme heatwave exposure in global cities. Npj Urban Sustainability, 3(1), Article 38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-023-00118-9
Chen, X., Zhu, H., & Yuan, Z. (2020). Contested memory amidst rapid urban transition: The cultural politics of urban regeneration in Guangzhou, China. Cities, 102, Article 102755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102755
Colorni, A., Ferretti, V., Luè, A., Oppio, A., Paruscio, V., & Tomasini, L. (2017, July 3–6). Rethinking feasibility analysis for urban development: A multidimensional decision support tool. In Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 10406. Computational science and its applications – ICCSA 2017 (pp. 624–638). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62398-6_44
Della Lucia, M., Trunfio, M., & Go, F. M. (2017). Heritage and urban regeneration: Towards creative tourism. In N. Bellini & C. Pasquinelli (Eds.), Tourism in the city. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26877-4_12
Della Spina, L. (2019). Multidimensional assessment for “culture-led” and “community-driven” urban regeneration as driver for trigger economic vitality in urban historic centers. Sustainability, 11(24), Article 7237. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247237
Dipace, R. (2014). La rigenerazione urbana tra programmazione e pianificazione. In Rivista giuridica dell’edilizia (Vol. 5, pp. 237–260). Giuffrè Editore.
Dixon, T. J. (2005). The role of retailing in urban regeneration. Local Economy, 20(2), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575270500053266
Doucet, B. (2007, September 12–14). Flagship regeneration: Panacea or urban problem. In EURA Conference: The Vital City (pp. 1–27). Glasgow, Scotland.
Dubey, D. P. (2024). Changing variation in the study of social exclusion in Indian society. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 30(5), 4694–4700. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i5.3690
Ekemode, B. G. (2020). Impact of urban regeneration on commercial property values in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(4), 557–571. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-04-2019-0059
Falanga, R., & Nunes, M. C. (2021). Tackling urban disparities through participatory culture-led urban regeneration. Insights from Lisbon. Land Use Policy, 108, Article 105478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105478
Ferilli, G., Sacco, P. L., Tavano Blessi, G., & Forbici, S. (2017). Power to the people: When culture works as a social catalyst in urban regeneration processes (and when it does not). European Planning Studies, 25(2), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1259397
Francin, K. I. (2015). Urban catalyst. McGill University.
Gökşin, A., & Müderrisoğlu, B. (2005). Urban regeneration: A comprehensive strategy for creating spaces for innovative economies. In 41st ISoCaRP Congress (pp. 1–14). İstanbul.
Hanberry, B. B. (2022). Global population densities, climate change, and the maximum monthly temperature threshold as a potential tipping point for high urban densities. Ecological Indicators, 135, Article 108512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108512
Hasanzade Tavakoli, S., Zand Moghadam, M., & Korkebadadi, Z. (2020). Estimation of worn-out texture resilience to natural hazards by fuzzy demilitarization and fuzzy ANP (case study: Urban texture of Semnan city). Sustainable City, 2(4), 83–99.
Hashemkhani Zolfani, S., Hedayatnezhad Kashi, S. M., & Antuchevičienė, J. (2024). Livability and futures studies of worn-out urban textures: Scenario analysis for evaluating the livability system and achieving sustainability. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 28(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2024.21341
He, C., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Pan, X., Fang, Z., Li, J., & Bryan, B. A. (2021). Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions. Nature Communications, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25026-3
Heesche, J., Braae, E. M., & Jørgensen, G. (2022). Landscape-based transformation of young industrial landscapes. Land, 11(6), Article 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060908
Hlaváček, A., Farka, Z., Hübner, M., Horňáková, V., Němeček, D., Niessner, R., Skládal, P., Knopp, D., & Gorris, H. H. (2016). Competitive upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay for the sensitive detection of diclofenac. Analytical Chemistry, 88(11), 6011–6017. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01083
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989X.3.4.424
Kana, K. (2012). An experiment in urban regeneration using culture and art in Senba, Osaka’s historic urban center, with a focus on the regeneration of urban space. City, Culture and Society, 3(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2012.06.006
Korkehabadi, Z., Seyed Alian, E., & Abdi, K. (2019). Evaluation of environmental indicators affecting citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban living environment (case study: Semnan). Geographical Planning of Space, 9(32), 233–248.
Kim, J. Y. (2015). Urban regeneration utilizing art: A case study of the Samlye Art Village, Korea. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, 10(11), 337–342. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2015.10.11.32
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.) The Guliford Press.
Klingmann, A. (2023). Rescripting Riyadh: How the capital of Saudi Arabia employs urban megaprojects as catalysts to enhance the quality of life within the city’s neighborhoods. Journal of Place Management and Development, 16(1), 45–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-06-2021-0062
Kula, S. (2011). Occupational stress and work-related wellbeing of Turkish national police (TNP) members [Doctoral thesis, University of Central Florida]. Orlando, Florida.
Lees, L., & Melhuish, C. (2015). Arts-led regeneration in the UK: The rhetoric and the evidence on urban social inclusion. European Urban and Regional Studies, 22(3), 242–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776412467474
Li, W. (2023). Sustainable development of anti-Japanese war heritage in the central urban area of Chongqing based on urban catalyst theory. International Journal of Social Science and Education Research, 6(4), 146–151.
McIntosh, C. (2007). Rethinking fit assessment in structural equation modeling: A commentary and elaboration on Barrett (2007). Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 859–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.020
Mehan, A. (2016). Urban regeneration: A comprehensive strategy for achieving social sustainability in historical squares. In Sgem international multidisciplinary scientific conference on social sciences and arts (Vol. 2, pp. 863–867). Sofia, Bulgaria.
Mirzakhani, A., Turró, M., & Jalilisadrabad, S. (2021). Key stakeholders and operation processes in the regeneration of historical urban fabrics in Iran. Cities, 118, Article 103362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103362
Mohammadi, H., & Fakharzadeh, Z. (2022). Investigating the role of the flagship projects in regeneration of urban deteriorated areas based on an analytical comparison of Goudal-e Mosala and Sheykhdad neighborhoods. The Journal of Urban Research, 1, 31–48.
Morano, P., & Tajani, F. (2018). Saving soil and financial feasibility. A model to support public-private partnerships in the regeneration of abandoned areas. Land Use Policy, 73, 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.01.036
Nesticò, A., Elia, C., & Naddeo, V. (2020). Sustainability of urban regeneration projects: Novel selection model based on analytic network process and zero-one goal programming. Land Use Policy, 99, Article 104831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104831
Ovwigho, B. O. (2013). Empirical demonstration of techniques for computing the discrimination power of a dichotomous item response test. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 3(2), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0321217
Palermo, L. (2014). The role of art in urban gentrification and regeneration: Aesthetic, social and economic developments. Il Capitale Culturale: Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage, 10, 521–545.
Paul, A., & Sen, J. (2020). A critical review of liveability approaches and their dimensions. Geoforum, 117, 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.008
Pourzakarya, M., & Bahramjerdi, S. F. N. (2019). Towards developing a cultural and creative quarter: Culture-led regeneration of the historical district of Rasht Great Bazaar, Iran. Land Use Policy, 89, Article 104218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104218
Salehi, S. S., & Jafari, F. (2024). Evaluation of the worn texture of the region 4 in Tabriz, Iran, with an emphasis on increasing populatability. Advanced Engineering Science, 4, 25–34.
Samara, A. (2020). Industrial heritage as a catalyst for urban regeneration in Thessaloniki [Doctoral dissertation, University of Lincoln]. https://doi.org/10.24385/lincoln.24326221.v1
Sarkheyli, E., & Zakerhaghighi, K. (2021). Identification, dimension and evaluation of catalytic projects in Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, 6(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v6i1.790
Sarvari, H., Mehrabi, A., Chan, D. W., & Cristofaro, M. (2021). Evaluating urban housing development patterns in developing countries: Case study of worn-out urban fabrics in Iran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, Article 102941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102941
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
Sharma, M., & Abhay, R. K. (2022). Urban growth and quality of life: Inter-district and intra-district analysis of housing in NCT-Delhi, 2001–2011–2020. GeoJournal, 87(Suppl. 4), 797–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10570-8
Shemirani, S. M. M., Alalhesabi, M., & Zolfigol, S. (2021, February). A comparative study of catalyst projects in urban centres: Imam Square in Hamedan. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1067(1), Article 012072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012072
Shen, L. (2013). The research and application of urban catalyst theory in revitalization historic urban quarters redesign Nanbuting District in Nanjing, China [Master’s thesis]. Blekinge Institute of Technology, School of Planning and Media Design.
Shen, T., Yao, X., & Wen, F. (2021). The Urban Regeneration Engine Model: An analytical framework and case study of the renewal of old communities. Land Use Policy, 108, Article 105571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105571
Statistical Center of Iran. (2019). Statistical yearbook of Semnan province. Statistical Center of Iran.
Stein, C. M., Morris, N. J., Hall, N. B., & Nock, N. L. (2017). Structural equation modeling. In R. Elston (Ed.), Statistical human genetics. Methods in molecular biology (Vol. 1666). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7274-6_28
Sukovata, V. (2022). Demolition of monuments as a phenomenon of culture in global and local contexts: Iconoclasm, ‘new barbarity’, or a utopia of memory? Studies on National Movements, 10(1), 44–73. https://doi.org/10.21825/snm.85741
Sun, M., & Chen, C. (2023). Renovation of industrial heritage sites and sustainable urban regeneration in post-industrial Shanghai. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(4), 729–752. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1881404
Temelová, J. (2007). Flagship developments and the physical upgrading of the post‐socialist inner city: The golden angel project in Prague. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 89(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0467.2007.00246.x
Tihanyi, L. (2016). Organizational learning and international management: The contributions of Marjorie A. Lyles. In Global entrepreneurship: Past, present & future (Vol. 29, pp. 19–25). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1571-502720160000029003
Ting, C.-T., Hsieh, C.-M., Chang, H.-P., & Chen, H.-S. (2019). Environmental consciousness and green customer behavior: The moderating roles of incentive mechanisms. Sustainability, 11(3), Article 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030819
Vafaei, A. (2020). Explaining the contexts of achieving sustainability in old and worn textures with integrated urban regeneration approach; case study: The old texture of Kashan. Iranian Islamic City Studies, 11(41), 55–68.
Wang, N. (2022). Research on the design of old building reconstruction from the perspective of urban catalyst theory. World Scientific Research Journal, 8(9), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2022757
Yadav, V., & Ghosh, S. K. (2019). Assessment and prediction of urban growth for a mega-city using CA-Markov model. Geocarto International, 36(17), 1960–1992. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2019.1690054
Zheng, J. (2017). Contextualizing public art production in China: The urban sculpture planning system in Shanghai. Geoforum, 82, 89–01. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.03.024