Farmers’ livelihood, risk expectations, and homestead withdrawal policy: evidence on Jinjiang Pilot of China
Abstract
Although exploring the homestead withdrawal (HW) mechanism can optimize the allocation of land resource elements, the livelihood sources of farmers will change and face different sources of risk. Many studies have explored various factors affecting the HW. However, studies simultaneously exploring the relationship among farmers’ internal livelihood capital and external risk prevention capabilities and HW including differences among various HW models are still limited. The present study constructed a simple theoretical framework and used the probit model to analyze the decision-making behavior of 367 farmers in the Jinjiang Pilot in Fujian Province of China. Specifically, this study explored the impact of farmers’ livelihoods including natural, financial, and human capitals and risk expectations. Such risk expectations involve living conditions, social security, residential environment, and psychological conditions on HW in asset replacement, index replacement, and monetary compensation model. The empirical findings indicated that the farmers’ livelihoods and risk expectations have inconsistent effects on farmers’ HW decision-making in all the models, except for risk expectations. In other words, social security and residential environment have a significant inhibitory effect. These results implied that differentiated policies for HW should be considered to enhance the farmer’s sustainable livelihood capacity and controllability of risk.
First published online 21 January 2022
Keyword : homestead withdrawal, livelihood, risk expectations, different models, China
How to Cite
Liang, F., Lin, C., & Lin, S.-H. (2022). Farmers’ livelihood, risk expectations, and homestead withdrawal policy: evidence on Jinjiang Pilot of China. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 26(1), 56-71. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2022.16174
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Li, W., Shuai, C., Shuai, Y., Cheng, X., Liu, Y., & Huang, F. (2020). How livelihood assets contribute to sustainable development of smallholder farmers. Journal of International Development, 32(3), 408–429. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3461
Liang, F., & Lin, C. (2021). Operation mechanism, mode comparison and path optimization of rural homestead withdrawal with compensation in economically developed. China Rural Survey, 2021(3), 1–14 (in Chinese).
Liang, F. C., & Lin, C. Y. (2019). Research on the risk evaluation and prevention measures of rural residential land withdrawal under different modes: a case study of Jinjiang City, Fujian Province. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 40(6), 1011–1020.
Lin, C., & Guo, Y. J. (2020). The research review on function of rural residential land and enlightenment to rural revitalization strategy. Reform of Economic System, 2020(04), 194–199 (in Chinese).
Liu, W., Li, J., Ren, L., Xu, J., Li, C., & Li, S. (2020). Exploring livelihood resilience and its impact on livelihood strategy in rural China. Social Indicators Research, 150, 977–998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02347-2
Liu, Y. T., Chen, M. Q., & Guang, F. Y. (2019). Social network, information cost and the influence of farmers’ willingness to adopt ecological farming. Journal of China Agricultural University Social Sciences, 24(11), 250–258 (in Chinese).
Loures, L., & Vaz, E. (2018). Exploring expert perception towards brownfield redevelopment benefits according to their typology. Habitat International, 72, 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.11.003
Mao, S., Qiu, S., Li, T., & Tang, M. (2020). Rural households’ livelihood strategy choice and livelihood diversity of main ethnic minorities in Chongqing, China. Sustainability, 12, 8166. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198166
Qu, Y. B., Jiang, G. H., Ma, W. Q., & Li, Z. (2021). How does the rural settlement transition contribute to shaping sustainable rural development? Evidence from Shandong, China. Journal of Rural Studies, 82(2), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.027
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
Shan, Z., & Feng, C. (2018). The redundancy of residential land in rural China: the evolution process, current status and policy implications. Land Use Policy, 74, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.031
Shang Guan, C., Feng, S., Lu, H., & Qu, F. (2017). Impact of rural residential land replacement on farmers’ welfare under different modes – taking ten thousand hectare fertile farmland construction in Jiangsu Province as an example. China Soft Science, 2017(12), 87–99 (in Chinese).
Shi, P., & Yu, J. (2021). Impact of risk expectation, citizenization perception, and farmers’cognition on the relocated rural households’ homestead withdrawal. Resources Science, 43(7), 1387–1402 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2021.07.09
Sun, G., Li, Q., & Li, C. (2017). The impact of financial literacy on credit default of rural households in less developed areas: an investigation in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. China Rural Survey, 2017(4), 1–15 (in Chinese).
Sun, H. L., Liu, R. L., & Liu, X. Z. (2020). Impact of rural construction the livelihood sustainability of household lifted out of poverty: data analysis of 2660 pro-poverty families in poverty-stricken areas. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Social Science Edition), 20(05), 56–67 (in Chinese).
Sun, P., & Zhao, K. (2020). Effect of social capital on farmers’ behavior of quitting rural residential land: a case of 606 farmers’ samples in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 20(5), 128–141 (in Chinese).
Sun, P. F., Zhao, K., Zhou, S. Q., & He, J. (2019). Risk expectation, social network and farmers’ behavior of rural residential land exit: based on 626 rural households’ samples in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province. China Land Science, 33(04), 42–50 (in Chinese).
Sun, X., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Factors influencing farmer’s decision-making behavior on rural construction land transformation. Sustainability, 10(11), 4288. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114288
Tang, P., Chen, J., Gao, J., Li, M., & Wang, J. (2020). What role(s) do village committees play in the withdrawal from rural homesteads? Evidence from Sichuan Province in Western China. Land, 9, 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120477
Wang, J., & Zhu, L. (2018). Study on the circulation willingness of rural residential land an farmer sustainable livelihoods. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 39(6), 165–170 (in Chinese).
Wang, N., Hao, J. M., Li, M., & Chen, A. (2019). Zoning and potential of rural housing land consolidation in Hebei Province under background of livelihoods transformation. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 35(9), 255–264 (in Chinese).
Wang, W. Q., Lan, Y. Q., Yu, L. H., Gong, H., & Wang, X. (2020). Impact of rural households’ livelihood capital endowment on poverty alleviation and income increase of rural land consolidation in different modes: evidence from Enshi, Hubei Province and Bijie, Guizhou Province. China Land Science, 34(04), 86–94 (in Chinese).
Wu, D. M. (1973). Alternative tests of independence between stochastic regressors and disturbances. Econometrica, 41(4), 733–750. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914093
Wu, D. M. (1974). Alternative tests of independence between stochastic regressors and disturbances: finite sample results. Econometrica, 42(3), 529–546. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911789
Wu, L., & Wu, Z. (2021). Effect of homestead withdrawal on family welfare: from the perspective of family risk taking capacity. Resources Science, 43(7), 1479–1491 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2021.07.16
Wu, Z. B., & Wu, L. J. (2020). Research on the bilateral matching between the development ability of peasant household and the withdrawal mode of the homestead. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 41(9), 128–135 (in Chinese).
Xu, D., Deng, X., Guo, S., & Liu, S. (2019). Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livelihood capital: an empirical investigation using nationally representative survey data from rural China. Social Indicators Research, 144, 113–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2037-6
Yang, G. Y., Jiang, Q., Tian, T., & Xu, W. (2019). Household welfare change of migrant workers returning home to build houses: based on a survey of migrant worker source areas in Fujian Province. Resources Science, 41(7), 1213–1226 (in Chinese).
Yang, H., Huang, K., Deng, X., & Xu, D. (2021). Livelihood capital and land transfer of different types of farmers: evidence from panel data in Sichuan Province, China. Land, 10, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050532
You, H., & Zhang, X. (2017). Sustainable livelihoods and rural sustainability in China: ecologically secure, economically efficient or socially equitable? Resource, Conservation and Recycling, 120, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.12.010
Zhang, T., Zhang, A., & Deng, S. (2016). Expected return, risk expectation and residential land quitting behavior among farmers in Songjiang and Jinshan Districts, Shanghai. Resources Science, 38(08), 1503–1514 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.08.09
Zhang, Y., Westlund, H., & Klaesson, J. (2020). Report from a Chinese village 2019: rural homestead transfer and rural vitalization. Sustainability, 12(20), 8635. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208635
Zhou, L., Li, H. M., & Li, P. (2020a). Impact of livelihood capital on the choice of livelihood strategy for resettled farmers: based on the survey of resettled farmers in Hunan Province. Economic Geography, 40(11), 167–175 (in Chinese).
Zhou, T., Jiang, G., Li, G., Zhoum, D., & Qu, Y. (2020b). Neglected idle rural residential land (IRRL) in metropolitan suburbs: spatial differentiation and influencing factors. Journal of Rural Studies, 78, 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.06.020
Zhou, Y. H., Fang, T. T., & Li, L. (2021). Decision-making mechanism of farmers’ homestead exit based on the TAM-TPB framework. China Land Science, 43(1), 148–160 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2021.01.12
Zhu, F. K., Zhang, F. R., Li, C., & Zhu, T. (2014). Functional transition of the rural settlement: analysis of land-use differentiation in a transect of Beijing, China. Habitat International, 41(1), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.011
Zhu, X. H., & Cai, J. (2016). The influences of perceived values and capability approach on farmers’ willingness to exit rural residential land and its intergenerational difference. China Land Science, 30(9), 64–72 (in Chinese).
Baffoe, G., & Matsuda, H. (2018). An empirical assessment of households livelihood vulnerability: the case of rural Ghana. Social Indicators Research, 140, 1225–1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1796-9
Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1979). A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica, 47, 1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911963
Cao, Q., Sarker, M. N. I., & Sun, J. (2019). Model of the influencing factors of the withdrawal from rural homesteads in China: application of grounded theory method. Land Use Policy, 85, 285–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.04.013
Cetinkaya, G., Kamnu, A., & Nakamura, K. (2014). Sustainable development and natural resource management: an example from Köprülü Kanyon National Park, Turkey. Sustainable Development, 22(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.528
Chen, H., Zhao, L., & Zhao, Z. (2017). Influencing factors of farmers’ willingness to withdraw from rural homesteads: a survey in Zhejiang, China. Land Use Policy, 68, 524–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.08.017
Chen, M. Q., Guang, F. Y., & Lu, Y. F. (2018). Livelihood capital differentiation and farmers’ willingness to homestead circulation: based on empirical analysis of Jiangxi Province. Journal of Agro-Forestry Economics and Management, 17(1), 82–90 (in Chinese).
Deng, Q., Li, E., & Zhang, P. (2020). Livelihood sustainability and dynamic mechanisms of rural households out of poverty: an empirical analysis of Hua County, Henan Province, China. Habitat International, 99, 102160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102160
Department for International Development. (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets (Numbers 1–8). https://www.livelihoodscentre.org/documents/114097690/114438878/Sustainable+livelihoods+guidance+sheets.pdf/594e5ea6-99a9-2a4e-f288-cbb4ae4bea8b?t=1569512091877
Donaldson, R., & Lord, R. (2018). Can brownfield land be reused for ground source heating to alleviate fuel poverty? Renewable Energy, 116A, 344–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.09.037
Durbin, J. (1954). Errors in variables. Review of the International Statistical Institute, 22, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/1401917
Fan, W., & Zhang, L. (2019). Does cognition matter? Applying the push-pull-mooring model to Chinese farmers’ willingness to withdraw from rural homesteads. Papers in Regional Science, 98(6), 2355–2369. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12462
Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251–1271. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
Hu, Y., Yang, C., Dong, W., Ql, Q., Zhang, Y., & Lin, S. (2020). Farmers’ homestead exit behavior based on perceived value theory: a case of Jinzhai County in Anhui Province. Resources Science, 42(4), 685–695 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2020.04.08
Huang, C., & Chen, C. W. (2016). Social risk and governance mechanism on land development in the process of urbanization. Economic Geography, 36(4), 147–151 (in Chinese).
Huang, X., Huang, X., He, Y., & Yang, X. (2017). Assessment of livelihood vulnerability of land-lost farmers in urban fringes: a case study of Xi’an, China. Habitat International, 59, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.11.001
Huang, X., Li, H., Zhang, X., & Zhang, X. (2018). Land use policy as an instrument of rural resilience – the case of land withdrawal mechanism for rural homesteads in China. Ecological Indicators, 87, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.043
Jinjiang Statistics Bureau. (2019). National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin. http://www.jinjiang.gov.cn/xxgk/tjxx/tjgb/202004/t20200413_2203215.htm
Kuang, F., Jin, J., He, R., Ning, J., & Wan, X. (2020). Farmers’ livelihood risks, livelihood assets and adaptation strategies in Rugao City, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 264, 110463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110463
Kumar, P., Kumar, P., & Garg, R. K. (2021). A study on farmers’ satisfaction and happiness after the land sale for urban expansion in India. Land Use Policy, 109, 105603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105603
Li, H., & Zhang, A. L. (2019). The measurement and dynamic changes of farmers’ welfare before and after rural homestead withdrawal – an empirical analysis of 201 farmers in the homestead reform pilot, Deqing County. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2019(7), 79–90 (in Chinese).
Li, W., Shuai, C., Shuai, Y., Cheng, X., Liu, Y., & Huang, F. (2020). How livelihood assets contribute to sustainable development of smallholder farmers. Journal of International Development, 32(3), 408–429. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3461
Liang, F., & Lin, C. (2021). Operation mechanism, mode comparison and path optimization of rural homestead withdrawal with compensation in economically developed. China Rural Survey, 2021(3), 1–14 (in Chinese).
Liang, F. C., & Lin, C. Y. (2019). Research on the risk evaluation and prevention measures of rural residential land withdrawal under different modes: a case study of Jinjiang City, Fujian Province. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 40(6), 1011–1020.
Lin, C., & Guo, Y. J. (2020). The research review on function of rural residential land and enlightenment to rural revitalization strategy. Reform of Economic System, 2020(04), 194–199 (in Chinese).
Liu, W., Li, J., Ren, L., Xu, J., Li, C., & Li, S. (2020). Exploring livelihood resilience and its impact on livelihood strategy in rural China. Social Indicators Research, 150, 977–998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02347-2
Liu, Y. T., Chen, M. Q., & Guang, F. Y. (2019). Social network, information cost and the influence of farmers’ willingness to adopt ecological farming. Journal of China Agricultural University Social Sciences, 24(11), 250–258 (in Chinese).
Loures, L., & Vaz, E. (2018). Exploring expert perception towards brownfield redevelopment benefits according to their typology. Habitat International, 72, 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.11.003
Mao, S., Qiu, S., Li, T., & Tang, M. (2020). Rural households’ livelihood strategy choice and livelihood diversity of main ethnic minorities in Chongqing, China. Sustainability, 12, 8166. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198166
Qu, Y. B., Jiang, G. H., Ma, W. Q., & Li, Z. (2021). How does the rural settlement transition contribute to shaping sustainable rural development? Evidence from Shandong, China. Journal of Rural Studies, 82(2), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.027
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
Shan, Z., & Feng, C. (2018). The redundancy of residential land in rural China: the evolution process, current status and policy implications. Land Use Policy, 74, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.031
Shang Guan, C., Feng, S., Lu, H., & Qu, F. (2017). Impact of rural residential land replacement on farmers’ welfare under different modes – taking ten thousand hectare fertile farmland construction in Jiangsu Province as an example. China Soft Science, 2017(12), 87–99 (in Chinese).
Shi, P., & Yu, J. (2021). Impact of risk expectation, citizenization perception, and farmers’cognition on the relocated rural households’ homestead withdrawal. Resources Science, 43(7), 1387–1402 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2021.07.09
Sun, G., Li, Q., & Li, C. (2017). The impact of financial literacy on credit default of rural households in less developed areas: an investigation in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. China Rural Survey, 2017(4), 1–15 (in Chinese).
Sun, H. L., Liu, R. L., & Liu, X. Z. (2020). Impact of rural construction the livelihood sustainability of household lifted out of poverty: data analysis of 2660 pro-poverty families in poverty-stricken areas. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Social Science Edition), 20(05), 56–67 (in Chinese).
Sun, P., & Zhao, K. (2020). Effect of social capital on farmers’ behavior of quitting rural residential land: a case of 606 farmers’ samples in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 20(5), 128–141 (in Chinese).
Sun, P. F., Zhao, K., Zhou, S. Q., & He, J. (2019). Risk expectation, social network and farmers’ behavior of rural residential land exit: based on 626 rural households’ samples in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province. China Land Science, 33(04), 42–50 (in Chinese).
Sun, X., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Factors influencing farmer’s decision-making behavior on rural construction land transformation. Sustainability, 10(11), 4288. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114288
Tang, P., Chen, J., Gao, J., Li, M., & Wang, J. (2020). What role(s) do village committees play in the withdrawal from rural homesteads? Evidence from Sichuan Province in Western China. Land, 9, 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120477
Wang, J., & Zhu, L. (2018). Study on the circulation willingness of rural residential land an farmer sustainable livelihoods. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 39(6), 165–170 (in Chinese).
Wang, N., Hao, J. M., Li, M., & Chen, A. (2019). Zoning and potential of rural housing land consolidation in Hebei Province under background of livelihoods transformation. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 35(9), 255–264 (in Chinese).
Wang, W. Q., Lan, Y. Q., Yu, L. H., Gong, H., & Wang, X. (2020). Impact of rural households’ livelihood capital endowment on poverty alleviation and income increase of rural land consolidation in different modes: evidence from Enshi, Hubei Province and Bijie, Guizhou Province. China Land Science, 34(04), 86–94 (in Chinese).
Wu, D. M. (1973). Alternative tests of independence between stochastic regressors and disturbances. Econometrica, 41(4), 733–750. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914093
Wu, D. M. (1974). Alternative tests of independence between stochastic regressors and disturbances: finite sample results. Econometrica, 42(3), 529–546. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911789
Wu, L., & Wu, Z. (2021). Effect of homestead withdrawal on family welfare: from the perspective of family risk taking capacity. Resources Science, 43(7), 1479–1491 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2021.07.16
Wu, Z. B., & Wu, L. J. (2020). Research on the bilateral matching between the development ability of peasant household and the withdrawal mode of the homestead. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 41(9), 128–135 (in Chinese).
Xu, D., Deng, X., Guo, S., & Liu, S. (2019). Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livelihood capital: an empirical investigation using nationally representative survey data from rural China. Social Indicators Research, 144, 113–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2037-6
Yang, G. Y., Jiang, Q., Tian, T., & Xu, W. (2019). Household welfare change of migrant workers returning home to build houses: based on a survey of migrant worker source areas in Fujian Province. Resources Science, 41(7), 1213–1226 (in Chinese).
Yang, H., Huang, K., Deng, X., & Xu, D. (2021). Livelihood capital and land transfer of different types of farmers: evidence from panel data in Sichuan Province, China. Land, 10, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050532
You, H., & Zhang, X. (2017). Sustainable livelihoods and rural sustainability in China: ecologically secure, economically efficient or socially equitable? Resource, Conservation and Recycling, 120, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.12.010
Zhang, T., Zhang, A., & Deng, S. (2016). Expected return, risk expectation and residential land quitting behavior among farmers in Songjiang and Jinshan Districts, Shanghai. Resources Science, 38(08), 1503–1514 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.08.09
Zhang, Y., Westlund, H., & Klaesson, J. (2020). Report from a Chinese village 2019: rural homestead transfer and rural vitalization. Sustainability, 12(20), 8635. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208635
Zhou, L., Li, H. M., & Li, P. (2020a). Impact of livelihood capital on the choice of livelihood strategy for resettled farmers: based on the survey of resettled farmers in Hunan Province. Economic Geography, 40(11), 167–175 (in Chinese).
Zhou, T., Jiang, G., Li, G., Zhoum, D., & Qu, Y. (2020b). Neglected idle rural residential land (IRRL) in metropolitan suburbs: spatial differentiation and influencing factors. Journal of Rural Studies, 78, 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.06.020
Zhou, Y. H., Fang, T. T., & Li, L. (2021). Decision-making mechanism of farmers’ homestead exit based on the TAM-TPB framework. China Land Science, 43(1), 148–160 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2021.01.12
Zhu, F. K., Zhang, F. R., Li, C., & Zhu, T. (2014). Functional transition of the rural settlement: analysis of land-use differentiation in a transect of Beijing, China. Habitat International, 41(1), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.011
Zhu, X. H., & Cai, J. (2016). The influences of perceived values and capability approach on farmers’ willingness to exit rural residential land and its intergenerational difference. China Land Science, 30(9), 64–72 (in Chinese).